Table 1.

Ras isoform nucleotide alignments and mutation frequencies

Variant bases between isoforms are highlighted in red. Smoking-associated BPDE adducts result in G > T transversions, and analysis of lung cancer samples in the COSMIC genomic database reveals that these are prevalent only in the KRAS gene. Codon number and amino acid single letter code for the RAS isoforms can be seen in column one. To compare the influence of BPDE adducts on Ras DNA structure, 11 base sequences centred on the first guanine of codons 12, 13 and 14 were used in Molecular Dynamics simulations. Bases highlighted in yellow were compared ± BPDE adducts whilst those highlighted in blue were varied for other bases and/or methylated in the modelling