Buhe 1984.

Methods	Stratified random allocation; double‐blind (A); placebo‐controlled; 18% drop out after 3 years (study duration = 3 years). No differential group losses.
Participants	1286 children analysed at 3 years (available at final examination). Age range at start: 11‐13 years (average = 12). Surfaces affected at start: 17.4 DMFS. Background exposure to fluoride: data not obtained for fluoridation status of site. Year study began: 1976. Location: FRG.
Interventions	FT (2 groups) versus PL (SMFP groups = 1000 ppm F and 1500 ppm F). Home use/unsupervised, daily frequency assumed. Abrasive system: IMP.
Outcomes	3yNetDFS increment ‐ cl+xr. Reported at 3 years follow up. DMFS. DMFS (U). DMFT.
Notes	Participants randomised (N = 1562). Baseline characteristics (age, TAR, DMFS) 'balanced' (DFS baseline data NR). Clinical (VT) caries assessment; diagnostic threshold NR; state of tooth eruption included E/U. Radiographic caries assessment; diagnostic threshold NR.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	B ‐ Unclear