Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Sep 14;46(9):832–839. doi: 10.1557/s43577-021-00169-2

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s), under exclusive License to the Materials Research Society 2021

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

PMC Copyright notice

Common modifications to nucleic acids. (a) Uracil is often modified to pseudouridine (ψ), 1-methylpseudouridine (1mψ), or 5-methoxyuridine (5moU) to evade immune activation and improve translation in mRNA sequences. (b) Alternative linkages are used to improve stability of the sugar-phosphate backbone, including phopshorothioate (PS), peptide (PNA), or phosphoramidate linkages (NP). (c) The 2ʹ-hydroxyl position native to the ribose sugar is often modified to reduce the incidence rate of hydrolysis and promote sequence stability. Common modifications include 2ʹ-O-methyl (2ʹ-OMe) and 2ʹ-Fluoro (2ʹ-F) in addition to naturally occurring 2ʹ-deoxyribose sugars (DNA).