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. 2021 Aug 31;15:712774. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.712774

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Copyright © 2021 Halonen, Kuula, Antila and Pesonen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mean preferred phase and memory outcomes. (A) Circular histograms of individual mean preferred phase angles of spindle peak amplitude in a slow oscillation (SO) cycle for frontal and central SO–spindle complexes. The mean angles were non-uniformly distributed in frontal (p < 0.001) and central (p < 0.001) electrodes and showed a tendency to cluster near SO upstate (i.e., 0°). There were no statistically significant differences in preferred phase between the frontal and central areas (p = 0.110). (B) The coupling accuracy between SO upstate and spindle peak amplitude in predicted overnight memory retention. ΔSleep, reflecting overnight forgetting, was associated with the frontal mean circular direction (left; p = 0.019) and with the frontal and central percentage of SO–tied spindles peaking at the SO upstate (± 45°) (p < 0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively).