Appendix D.
Coding Information for Control Variables
| Control Variable | Description | Survey |
|---|---|---|
| Nominations made last wave no longer in school/study | Number of nominations respondent made last wave for friends who are no longer in the study or did not participate in the current wave. | IS |
| Nominations received last wave no longer in school/study | Number of nominations respondent received last wave for friends who are no longer in the study or did not participate in the current wave. | IS |
| Racial composition of nominations made last wave all white | All nominations made last wave were white based on self-reports. | IS |
| Racial composition of nominations received last wave all white | All nominations received last wave were white based on self-reports. | IS |
| Number of students in grade last wave | Count of number of students on roster in grade at school. | NA |
| Transitioned to new school last wave | Student on rosters of new school since previous wave. | NA |
| Miles to school last wave | Parent reports of number of miles from home to youth’s school. | IH |
| Special education services last wave | Either parent reported that the child received special education services. | IH |
| Structured activities after school last wave | Combination of two scales: (1) structured after-school activities and (2) part-time work. Structured after-school activities based on combined reports of mothers, fathers, and student about student’s frequency of programs, lessons, practices, after school (alpha=0.63). Part-time work based on combined reports of mothers, fathers, and student about student’s frequency of work after school (alpha=0.61). Response options for both scales range from 1=never to 5=always. Each is standardized and then the two are summed. | IH |
| Unstructured socializing after school last wave | Mean composite of mother, father, and student reports about frequency at which student spends free time after school hanging out with friends (alpha=0.59). Response options originally ranged from 1=never to 5=always. | IH |
| Any substance use last wave | Student reported smoking, drinking, getting drunk, or using marijuana in the past month. Based on dichotomized responses originally ranging from 1=not at all to 5=more than once per week. | IS |
| Delinquency variety score last wave | Variety score based on 10 items about frequency of various delinquent behaviors in past year. Responses range from 1=never to 5=five or more times. | IS |
| Frequency of school misbehavior last wave | Mean composite of mother, father, and student reports about frequency at which student engages in various forms of misbehavior at school (e.g., disrupting class, talking back to teachers; alpha=0.76). Response options range from 1=never to 5=more than 5 times in past year. | IH |
| Risk and sensation seeking last wave | Mean of three items about student’s tendency to engage in risky behaviors for fun (alpha=0.79). Responses range from 1=never to 5=always. | IS |
| Frequency of bully victimization last wave | Mean of five items about frequency of student’s victimization in past two months (e.g., pushing or shoving, telling rumors or lies; alpha=0.80). Responses range from 1=never to 4=always. | IH |
| Parental discipline last wave | Mean of student reports to five items about more consistent and less harsh discipline parental discipline (alpha=0.83). Response options range from 1=always to 5=never. | IH |
| Parental monitoring last wave | Mean of five items about frequency of parental monitoring (alpha=0.85). Response options range from 1=always to 5=never. | IH |
| Parent education last wave | Parent reports of highest grade of school completed. Items for each parent are standardized and then averaged together (alpha=0.66). | IH |
| Household income last wave | Mean of mother-reported total household income and father-reported total household income, each adjusted for inflation. | IH |
| Parent unemployment last wave | Either parent reports being currently unemployed or temporarily laid off, or unemployed past year. | IH |
| Parent ever arrested | Mother reports at Wave 5 (ninth grade) of whether either parent had ever been arrested for driving under the influence or anything other than a traffic offense. | IH |
| Mother relationship transitions last wave | Count of number of times mother has ever married, cohabited, or divorced. | IH |
| Children in household last wave | Parent reports of number of children living in household more than half the time. | IH |
| Mother depression last wave | Mother reports of whether she experienced any symptoms of depression (feeling sad, blue, depressed, losing interest) for two continuous weeks or more in past 12 months. | IH |
| Religiosity last wave | Student self-reports of frequency of attendance at religious services. Responses range from 1=never to 6=more than once per week. | IH |
| Years in current residence last wave | Data from household form about the number of years respondent has lived in current residence. | IH |
| Community cohesion last wave | Mean of parent reports on 10 items about community cohesion. Separate scales for fathers (alpha=0.85) and mothers (alpha=0.88) are averaged together (alpha=0.56). | IH |
ABBREVIATIONS: IH = in-home survey; IS = in-school survey; NA = not applicable