Fig 1. Map of air pollutions (PM_2.5, PM_2.5–10, NO₂, and NO) of areas where participants lived in 2010.

(a) PM_2.5, (b) PM_2.5–10, (c) NO₂, and (d) NO. The administrative boundary data of the UK are sourced from UK Government Open Data portal (https://data.gov.uk/dataset/3fd8d2d2-b591-42ff-b333-c53a6a513e96/countries-december-2017-full-clipped-boundaries-in-great-britain). These data are UK government–released open data. NO, nitric oxide; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; PM_2.5, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm; PM_2.5–10, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10 μm.