Table 5. The adjusted associations of declines in intrinsic capacity (DICs), and DICs stratified by frailty status, with incident dependence.
| Site or measure | No DIC, n = 5,049 | DIC, n = 11,982 | DIC, with no frailty or needs for care, n = 4,541 | DIC and pre-frail, n = 4,193 | DIC and frail, n = 1,743 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cuba | 1 (ref) | 2.71 (1.89–3.91) | 2.36 (1.59–3.50) | 2.75 (1.84–4.13) | 3.61 (2.35–5.56) |
| Dominican Republic | 1 (ref) | 1.51 (1.08–2.13) | 1.37 (0.95–1.98) | 1.49 (1.04–2.15) | 1.88 (1.26–2.78) |
| Puerto Rico | 1 (ref) | 2.21 (1.67–2.94) | 2.13 (1.50–3.02) | 2.08 (1.49–2.90) | 2.68 (1.83–3.94) |
| Peru urban | 1 (ref) | 3.05 (1.42–6.52) | 2.83 (1.26–6.38) | 2.80 (1.25–6.29) | 3.68 (1.63–8.31) |
| Peru rural | 1 (ref) | 2.91 (0.99–8.56) | 2.91 (0.91–9.29) | 1.91 (0.60–6.06) | 6.22 (1.90–20.44) |
| Venezuela | 1 (ref) | 2.27 (1.59–3.23) | 1.82 (1.21–2.74) | 2.25 (1.53–3.32) | 3.86 (2.46–6.04) |
| Mexico urban | 1 (ref) | 1.89 (1.17–3.06) | 1.51 (0.82–2.80) | 1.60 (0.94–2.73) | 3.61 (1.98–6.59) |
| Mexico rural | 1 (ref) | 1.84 (1.02–3.30) | 1.46 (0.76–2.81) | 1.55 (0.81–2.98) | 3.40 (1.77–6.56) |
| China urban | 1 (ref) | 1.56 (1.17–2.09) | 1.54 (1.11–2.14) | 1.76 (1.17–2.64) | 1.12 (0.38–3.33) |
| China rural | 1 (ref) | 1.30 (0.87–1.95) | 1.27 (0.84–1.93) | 1.26 (0.77–2.08) | 2.37 (1.83–3.94) |
| Pooled effect size | 1 (ref) | 1.91 (1.69–2.17) | 1.72 (1.50–1.98) | 1.89 (1.64–2.19) | 2.90 (2.44–3.45) |
| Heterogeneity—Higgins I2 percent (95% CI) | 39 (0–71) | 15 (0–56) | 12 (0–54) | 32 (0–68) |
From a competing risks Cox proportional hazards regression, controlling for age, gender, and education, generating adjusted subhazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals.