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. 2021 Sep 14;21:951. doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06585-8

Table 3.

Factors associated with the death of COVID-19 patients

Indicators Univariable Cox regression Multivariable Cox regression
HR (95% CI) P value HR (95% CI) P value
Vital signs
 Temperature, ℃ 1.340(1.169–1.536)  < 0.0001* 1.332(1.160–1.529)  < 0.0001*
 Heart rate, bpm 1.036(1.031–1.042)  < 0.0001* 1.037(1.032–1.043)  < 0.0001*
 Respiratory rate, bpm 1.118(1.105–1.130)  < 0.0001* 1.123(1.109–1.136)  < 0.0001*
 Mean arterial pressure, mmHg 0.958(0.951–0.966) < 0.0001* 0.958(0.950–0.966)  < 0.0001*
Laboratory examinations
 Blood routine
  Leukocytes, # (N = 993), × 109/L 1.075(1.065–1.085)  < 0.0001* 1.095(1.081–1.109)  < 0.0001*
  Monocytes, % (N = 993) 0.822(0.793–0.852)  < 0.0001* 0.816(0.787–0.847)  < 0.0001*
  Neutrophils, % (N = 993) 1.106(1.091–1.120)  < 0.0001* 1.107(1.092–1.121)  < 0.0001*
  Eosinophils, % (N = 993) 0.298(0.224–0.395)  < 0.0001* 0.301(0.227–0.398)  < 0.0001*
  Hemoglobin (N = 993), g/L 0.994(0.989–1.000) 0.044* 0.993(0.987–0.998)  < 0.0001*
Immune cells subsets
 Lymphocytes, # (N = 993), × 109/L 0.216(0.158–0.297)  < 0.0001* 0.220(0.161–0.302)  < 0.0001*
 CD3+CD19− T cells, # (N = 207), /μL 0.996(0.995–0.997) < 0.0001* 0.996(0.995–0.997)  < 0.0001*
 CD3+CD4+ T cells, # (N = 207), /μL 1.000(0.999–1.001) 0.786 1.000(0.999–1.001) 0.861
 CD3+CD8+ T cells, # (N = 207), /μL 0.989(0.986–0.992)  < 0.0001* 0.989(0.985–0.992)  < 0.0001*
 CD3−CD19+ B cells, # (N = 206), /μL 0.994(0.990–0.997) 0.001* 0.994(0.990–0.998) 0.002*
 CD3−CD16+CD56+ NK cells, # (N = 207), /μL 0.986(0.981–0.990)  < 0.0001* 0.985(0.981–0.990)  < 0.0001*
 T cells + B cells + NK cells, # (N = 207), /μL 0.997(0.997–0.998)  < 0.0001* 0.997(0.996–0.998)  < 0.0001*
Inflammatory cytokines and biomarkers
 IL-6 (N = 796), pg/mL 1.001(1.001–1.002)  < 0.0001* 1.001(1.001–1.002)  < 0.0001*
 IL-10 (N = 778), pg/mL 1.008(1.006–1.010)  < 0.0001* 1.009(1.006–1.012)  < 0.0001*
 IL-8 (N = 779), pg/mL 1.000(1.000–1.001)  < 0.0001* 1.000(1.000–1.001)  < 0.0001*
 TNF-α (N = 786), pg/mL 1.055(1.045–1.066)  < 0.0001* 1.059(1.048–1.070)  < 0.0001*
 IL-1β (N = 778), pg/mL 1.018(1.005–1.031) 0.007* 1.021(1.007–1.036) 0.004*
 IL-2R (N = 774), U/mL 1.001(1.001–1.001)  < 0.0001* 1.001(1.001–1.001)  < 0.0001*
 Ferritin (N = 602), μg/L 1.000(1.000–1.000) < 0.0001* 1.000(1.000–1.000)  < 0.0001*
 hs-CRP (N = 980), mg/L 1.010(1.008–1.011)  < 0.0001* 1.010(1.008–1.011)  < 0.0001*
 Procalcitonin (N = 890), ng/mL 1.051(1.036–1.066)  < 0.0001* 1.051(1.036–1.067)  < 0.0001*
Organ damage indexes
 ALT (N = 991), U/L 1.001(1.000–1.001) 0.002* 1.001(1.000–1.001) 0.002*
 AST (N = 991), U/L 1.001(1.000–1.001)  < 0.0001* 1.001(1.000–1.001)  < 0.0001*
 TBIL (N = 986), μmol/L 1.006(1.004–1.008)  < 0.0001* 1.007(1.005–1.009)  < 0.0001*
 ALB (N = 988), g/L 0.875(0.854–0.896) < 0.0001* 0.874(0.853–0.895)  < 0.0001*
 LDH (N = 950), U/L 1.003(1.002–1.003) < 0.0001* 1.003(1.002–1.003)  < 0.0001*
 ALP (N = 952), U/L 1.003(1.002–1.005)  < 0.0001* 1.004(1.002–1.005)  < 0.0001*
 Amylase (N = 486), U/L 1.002(1.000–1.004) 0.021* 1.002(1.000–1.004) 0.038*
 eGFR (N = 987), mL/(min*1.73 m2) 0.983(0.978–0.988)  < 0.0001* 0.981(0.976–0.986)  < 0.0001*
 Creatinine (N = 988), μmol/L 1.002(1.002–1.003)  < 0.0001* 1.002(1.002–1.003)  < 0.0001*
 NT-proBNP (N = 841), pg/mL 1.000(1.000–1.000)  < 0.0001* 1.000(1.000–1.000)  < 0.0001*
 CK-MB (N = 650), U/L 1.039(1.031–1.047) < 0.0001* 1.048(1.036–1.060)  < 0.0001*
 hs-cTnI (N = 905), pg/mL 1.000(1.000–1.000) < 0.0001* 1.000(1.000–1.000)  < 0.0001*
 Platelets, # (N = 988), × 109/L 0.994(0.992–0.995)  < 0.0001* 0.994(0.992–0.995)  < 0.0001*
 PT (N = 980), s 1.046(1.036–1.055)  < 0.0001* 1.045(1.036–1.055)  < 0.0001*
 APTT (N = 930), s 1.025(1.016–1.034)  < 0.0001* 1.025(1.016–1.034)  < 0.0001*
 D-Dimer (N = 971), μg/mL 1.129(1.113–1.144)  < 0.0001* 1.131(1.115–1.147)  < 0.0001*
 FDP (N = 765), g/L 1.018(1.016–1.020) < 0.0001* 1.018(1.016–1.021)  < 0.0001*
 PTA (N = 980), % 0.959(0.954–0.964)  < 0.0001* 0.957(0.951–0.962)  < 0.0001*
Metabolism indexes
 K+ (N = 993), mmol/L 1.538(1.295–1.826)  < 0.0001* 1.540(1.291–1.837)  < 0.0001*
 Ca2+ (N = 992), mmol/L 0.025(0.011–0.058)  < 0.0001* 0.025(0.010–0.058)  < 0.0001*
Blood gas characteristics
 PaO2 (N = 304), mmHg 0.958(0.949–0.967)  < 0.0001* 0.956(0.947–0.966)  < 0.0001*
 SaO2 (N = 304), % 0.956(0.949–0.963) < 0.0001* 0.954(0.947–0.962)  < 0.0001*
 PaCO2 (N = 304), mmHg 0.946(0.924–0.970)  < 0.0001* 0.950(0.926–0.974)  < 0.0001*
 Actual bicarbonate (N = 304), mmol/L 0.922(0.887–0.958)  < 0.0001* 0.930(0.894–0.967)  < 0.0001*
Score prediction
 SOFA score 1.340(1.276–1.408) < 0.0001* 1.437(1.348–1.532)  < 0.0001*
 qSOFA score 3.435(2.577–4.580)  < 0.0001* 3.471(2.600–4.634)  < 0.0001*
 APACHE II score 1.172(1.137–1.208)  < 0.0001* 1.195(1.156–1.234)  < 0.0001*
 SIRS score 1.854(1.567–2.194) < 0.0001* 1.924(1.620–2.286)  < 0.0001*
Complications
 ARDS 16.051(8.262–31.186)  < 0.0001* 16.216(8.341–31.527)  < 0.0001*
 Acute cardiac injury 11.435(8.543–15.307)  < 0.0001* 13.023(9.678–17.524)  < 0.0001*
 Heart failure 10.201(7.860–13.238) < 0.0001* 10.722(8.227–13.974)  < 0.0001*
 Acute kidney injury 5.957(4.707–7.539)  < 0.0001* 6.063(4.759–7.724)  < 0.0001*
 Hyperkalaemia 3.999(3.148–5.081)  < 0.0001* 4.041(3.166–5.157)  < 0.0001*
 Acidosis 2.658(2.007–3.520)  < 0.0001* 2.621(1.965–3.495)  < 0.0001*
 Acute liver injury 4.097(3.114–5.388)  < 0.0001* 4.241(3.212–5.599)  < 0.0001*
 DIC 5.682(4.209–7.672)  < 0.0001* 5.819(4.281–7.910)  < 0.0001*

*P < 0.05