Table 1.
Basic characteristics of all the RCTs included in this meta-analysis.
| References | Country | Fracture type | Sample (n, 3D/C) |
Gender
(M/F) |
Follow-up (month, mean) | Time from injury to operation (days, 3D/C) | 3D fracture model | Fixator (3D/C) | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen et al. (16) | China | Die-Punch fractures | 55/52 | 65/42 | 13.075 | 3.19 ± 1.70/ 3.15 ± 1.55 |
Fracture model: Using CT scan [Star PACS system (INFINITT, Seoul, South Korea)], 3D image was created in Mimics software v10.01 (Materialise, Leuven Belgium); 3D printer (3D ORTHO; Waston Med Inc., Changzhou, Jiangsu, China) | Steel plates and screws, K-wires | Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, number of fluoroscopies |
| Chen et al. (17) | China | AO type C fractures | 23/25 | 31/17 | 13.0 | 3.3 ± 1.8/ 3.7 ± 1.6 |
Fracture model: Using CT scan [Star PACS system (INFINITT, Seoul, South Korea)], 3D image was created in Mimics software (version 10.01; Materialise, Leuven, Belgium); 3D printer (3D ORTHO; Waston Med Inc., Changzhou, Jiangsu, China) | Metal plates and screws, K-wire | Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, number of fluoroscopies |
| Shuang et al. (18) | China | Intercondylar humeral fractures | 6/7 | 10/3 | 10.6 | NR | Fracture model: Using CT scan (1 mm), 3D image was created in Mimics v.11.1 software (Materialise, Ann Arbour, MI); 3D printer (SRP400B, Huasen 3D Printing Research, Changzhou, China) | Steel plate and screws, K-wire | Operation time |
| Maini et al. (19) | India | Acetabulum fracture | 10/11 | 18/3 | 10.6 | ≤ 21 | Fracture model: Using CT scan, 3D image was created in MIMICS 8.13 software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium): 3D printing machine EOSINT P380 (EOS, Birmingham, UK) and patient-specific 3D real model was generated using rapid prototyping technology. | 3.5 mm reconstruction stainless steel plate | Operation time, intraoperative blood loss |
| Maini et al. (20) | India | Acetabulum fracture | 12/13 | 23/2 | NA | ≤ 21 | Fracture model: Using CT scan (1 mm), 3D image was created in Mimics software; 3D printer [rapid prototyping technology in poly-lactic acid (PLA)] | Pre-contoured reconstruction plates | Operation time |
| Kong et al. (21) | China | Intra-articular distal radius fractures | 16/16 | 19/13 | 6.0 | ≤ 7 | Fracture model: Using CT scan (1 mm), 3D image was created in Mimisc18.0 (Materialise, Belgium) software; 3D printer | K-wire, screws | Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, number of fluoroscopies |
| Yang et al. (22) | China | Trimalleolar fracture | 15/15 | 16/14 | NA | 5.4 (4–12) | Model: Using CT scan (1 mm), 3D image was created in Mimics l0.01 software; 3D printer (FlashForge Ltd., ZhengJiang, China). Polylactic acid (PLA) was used as the printing material (FlashForge Ltd., 1.75 mm in diameter) | The internal fixation plate | Operation time, intraoperative blood loss |
| Yang et al. (23) | China | Elbow fractures | 20/20 | 28/12 | 10.6 | NR | Model: Using CT scan (1 mm), 3D image was created in Mimics 10.01 software; 3D printer (FlashForge Ltd., ZhengJiang, China). PLA and ABS were used as the printing materials (FlashForge Ltd., 1.75 mm in diameter) | Steel plates and screws | Operation time, intraoperative blood loss |
| You et al. (24) | China | Complex proximal humeral fractures | 34/32 | 39/27 | 22.3 | NR | Model: Using CT scan (1 mm, SIEMENS, Germany), 3D image was created in Mimics 16.0 (Materialise, Belgium); 3D printer [rapid prototyping equipment (3D System Project 660 Pro)] | Steel plates and screws | Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, number of fluoroscopies |
| Zheng et al. (25) | China | Humeral intercondylar fractures | 43/48 | 49/42 | 15.5 | 4.3 ± 1.4 4.2 ± 1.1 |
Model: Using CT scan [Star PACS system (INFINITT, Seoul, South Korea)], 3D image was created in 3D image was created in Mimics software v15.0 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium); 3D printer (3D ORTHO Waston Med Inc. Changzhou, Jiangsu, China) | Steel plate and screws | Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, number of fluoroscopies |
| Zheng et al. (26) | China | Calcaneal Fractures | 35/40 | 44/31 | 14.8 | 7.69 ± 2.3/ 7.60 ± 1.7 |
Model: Using CT scan, 3D image was created in 3D image was created in Mimics software v17.0 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium); 3D printer (3D ORTHO Waston Med Inc. Changzhou, Jiangsu, China) | Steel plate and screws | Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, number of fluoroscopies |
| Zheng et al. (27) | China | Pilon fracture | 45/48 | 66/27 | 20.2 | 7.6 ± 2.5/ 8.1 ± 2.3 |
Model: Using CT scan (tar PACS system [INFINITT, Seoul, South Korea)], 3D image was created in Mimics software v17.0 (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium); 3D printer (3D ORTHO Waston Med, Inc., Changzhou, Jiangsu, China) | Metal plates and screws | Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, number of fluoroscopies |