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. 2021 Jan 5;26(6):1928–1944. doi: 10.1038/s41380-020-00979-x

Fig. 5. Chronic cotinine treatment during brain development rescues behavioral deficits of Shank1−/− Shank3−/− double KO mice.

Fig. 5

a Chronic treatment with cotinine, schematically indicated above the panels, rescue novel object recognition memory of Shank1−/− Shank3−/− DKO mice at 5 and 120 min delay. Two-way ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis. Novel object recognition at 5 and 120 min: n = 11 for each group. ***p < 0.0001 WT vehicle compared with DKO vehicle; §, p < 0.05; §§, p < 0.01 DKO vehicle compared with DKO cotinine. b Shank1−/− Shank3−/− DKO mice chronically treated with cotinine showed a rescue of social interaction in three-chamber assay and social novelty. Two-way ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis. Sociability: n = 9 for each group. Social novelty n = 8 for each group. ***p < 0.001 WT vehicle compared with DKO vehicle; §§, p < 0.01; §§§, p < 0.001 DKO vehicle compared with DKO cotinine. c Novel object recognition memory and d Sociability and social novelty were not rescued after chronic treatment with cotinine following by 15 days of drug withdrawal. All pvalues were derived using two-way ANOVA test. Novel object recognition test: n = 5 for each group. Sociability and social novelty: n = 4 for each group. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001; ***p < 0.0001 WT vehicle compared with DKO vehicle. e Novel object recognition memory and f sociability and social novelty were not rescued in Shank1−/− Shank3−/− DKO mice at P30 after acute cotinine treatment a P14. All pvalues were derived using two-way ANOVA test. Novel object recognition test: n = 4 for each group. Sociability and social novelty: n = 3 for each group. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001 WT vehicle compared with DKO vehicle. g Novel object recognition memory and h sociability and social novelty were not rescued in Shank1−/− Shank3−/− DKO mice at P30 after acute cotinine treatment a P30. All pvalues were derived using two-way ANOVA test. Novel object recognition test: n = 5 for each group. Sociability and social novelty: n = 4 for each group. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001; ***p < 0.0001 WT vehicle compared with DKO vehicle.