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. 2021 Feb 17;26(6):1748–1760. doi: 10.1038/s41380-020-01001-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — A Local field potentials taken from runs on the familiar track. Top: Representative broadband LFP traces (0.1–475 Hz) taken from dorsal CA1 in a 5 s window while running. Bottom: 1 s expanded segment showing raw unfiltered LFP (top) and bandpass filtered theta (6–10 Hz), slow gamma (25–55 Hz) and fast gamma (60–140 Hz) (bottom). Phase-amplitude coupling measures the degree to which the amplitude envelope (blue traces shown for slow and fast gamma) is modulated by the phase signal (theta filtered LFP). Black: Cacna1c^+/+; red: Cacnac1^+/−; dashed vertical lines mark timings of theta cycle peaks. B Mean phase–amplitude coupling comodulograms taken from track runs on the familiar and novel track. Colour represents the modulation index (MI) depicting the degree of coupling between the phase of frequencies (1–20 Hz) on the x-axis and the amplitude of frequencies (1–200 Hz) on the y-axis. Differences between environments and genotypes are shown next to the mean plots as labelled (Cacna1c^+/+: n = 5; Cacna1c^+/−: n = 7). C Mean phase–amplitude coupling between theta (6–10 Hz) and slow gamma (25–55 Hz). Theta–slow gamma coupling was lower in Cacna1c^+/− rats than Cacna1c^+/+ rats on the novel track (p = 0.0256) but not on the familiar track (p = 0.9184). Cacna1c^+/+: n = 5; Cacna1c^+/−: n = 7; Data presented as means ± SEM. *p < 0.05, Student’s t test (colour figure online).