Table 3.

Bone density, size, morphology, microarchitecture, and strength in non-athletes, athletes with a history of ≤1 BSI, and athletes with a history of ≥ 3 BSIs. Data provided are mean (SD) or n (%).

	Non-Athletes (n=17)	≤ 1 BSI (n=63)	≥ 3 BSI (n=21)	p-value	p-value, adjusted†
DXA Z-score
Femoral Neck	0.22 (1.69)	0.09 (0.91)	−0.08 (0.82)	0.69
Total Hip	0.42 (1.17)	0.23 (0.81)	0.05 (0.92)	0.46
PA Spine	−0.19 (1.06)	−0.29 (0.85)	−0.55 (1.31)	0.49
DXA Z-score < −1.0
Femoral Neck	4 (23.5%)	7 (11.1%)	3 (14.3%)	0.43
Total Hip	0 (0.0%)	2 (3.2%)	2 (9.5%)	0.29
PA Spine	4 (23.5%)	10 (15.9%)*	9 (42.9%)	0.04
Any site	5 (29.4%)	14 (22.2%)*	10 (47.6%)	0.08
Density
Tt.vBMD (mgHA/cm3)	273 (50)	274 (42)	266 (39)	0.74	0.61
Tb.vBMD (mgHA/cm3)	207 (39)	210 (33)	201 (28)	0.58	0.36
Ct.vBMD (mgHA/cm3)	872 (34)	866 (44)	875 (40)	0.56	0.54
Ct.TMD (mgHA/cm3)	931 (29)	929 (32)	927 (32)	0.93	0.92
Size/Morphology
Tt.Ar (mm2)	858 (101)	839 (111)	833 (85)	0.75	0.70
Ct.Ar (mm2)	93.3 (16.8)	88.6 (13.7)	86.0 (16.8)	0.31	0.72
Tb.Ar (mm2)	769 (107)	754 (112)	752 (89)	0.86	0.76
Ct.Ar/Tt.Ar (%)	11.1 (2.8)	10.7 (2.2)	10.4 (2.4)	0.71	0.97
Ct.Pm (mm)	118.7 (8.6)	117.5 (7.8)	117.3 (7.1)	0.83	0.75
Robustness (mm)	2.40 (0.32)	2.31 (0.31)	2.24 (0.24)	0.25	0.23
Microarchitecture
Ct.Th (mm)	0.84 (0.19)	0.79 (0.14)	0.78 (0.18)	0.46	0.83
Ct.Po (%)	4.46 (1.59)	4.78 (1.70)	3.88 (1.01)	0.08	0.16
Tb.Th (mm)	0.077 (0.012)	0.084 (0.013)	0.081 (0.012)	0.17	0.08
Tb.Sp (mm)	0.375 (0.048)	0.398 (0.052)	0.408 (0.061)	0.17	0.36
Tb.N (1/mm)	2.23 (0.24)	2.10 (0.23)	2.08 (0.27)	0.10	0.23
μFEA
Stiffness (kN/mm)	217.8 (42.7)	216.7 (35.8)	208.8 (32.9)	0.66	0.50
Failure Load (kN)	111.3 (20.0)	109.8 (16.8)	105.9 (15.5)	0.58	0.54

^†p-value adjusted for age and BMI

^*Group was significantly different from ≥3 BSI group in pairwise comparison