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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2021 Jul 24;176:113888. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113888

Figure 7. Chemokines in the progress of NAFLD.

Figure 7.

Chemokines mediate the liver inflammation by controlling the migration of various hepatic and immune cells. The C-C chemokine receptor types 2 (CCR2) and 5 (CCR5) and their respective ligands (CCL2 and CCL3–5) are involved in the development of NAFLD and NASH. Therefore, CCR2 and CCR5 have been established as promising therapeutic targets for NASH. TAK-779 was the first non peptide CCR5 receptor antagonist. To improve the oral bioavailability, cenicriviroc (CVC) was developed for dual CCR2 and CCR5 inhibition. CVC demonstrated anti-fibrotic effects in the Phase 2b clinical study in adults with NASH and liver fibrosis.