(A) Astrocytes were transfected overnight with an EAAT2 promoter vector, then incubated with IKK16 (200 nM, 1h) and Mn (250 μM, 6h), followed by the luciferase assay. Astrocytes were treated with IKK16 and Mn for the indicated time periods, and EAAT2 mRNA and protein levels were measured via real-time (B) qPCR and (C) western blotting, respectively. (# p<0.05, ## p<0.01, ### p<0.001, compared to the control; @significantly different @ p<0.05; ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test; N=3).