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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurotoxicology. 2021 Aug 10;86:166–171. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.08.005

Figure 1:

Figure 1:

The p-38 and ERK-MAPK pathways are activated upstream by the phosphorylation of series of specific MAPK2 and MAPK1 modules. Following activation, they translocate into the nucleus or remain in the cytoplasm to modulate the activities of diverse molecular factors; Elk1, c-fos, CREB, and NF-kB. MAPK - mitogen-activated protein kinases; ERK - extracellular-regulated kinase; Elk - ETS Like-1 protein; p - phosphate group, NF-kB - Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells.