TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of included participants
| Characteristic | ||
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Mean | SD | |
|
| ||
| Age (years) | 46.2 | 11.0 |
| Age at onset (years) | 22.3 | 6.9 |
| Duration of illness (years) | 23.8 | 11.4 |
| Education (years) | 12.5 | 2.1 |
| Number of past hospitalizations | 7.3 | 9.7 |
| Global Assessment of Functioning score | 43.8 | 8.2 |
| Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms score | 6.9 | 4.0 |
| Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms score | 11.0 | 5.8 |
| Antipsychotic dosage (chlorpromazine equivalents, mg/day) | 457 | 538 |
| Cigarettes per day | 7.8 | 10.0 |
|
| ||
| N | % | |
|
| ||
| Female | 351 | 31.3 |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 161 | 14.4 |
| Race | ||
| Native American | 7 | 0.6 |
| Asian | 34 | 3.0 |
| Pacific Islander | 11 | 1.0 |
| African American | 442 | 39.5 |
| Caucasian | 483 | 43.1 |
| More than one race | 137 | 12.2 |
| Not reported | 6 | 0.5 |
| Medication | ||
| Antipsychotics | ||
| None | 113 | 10.1 |
| One antipsychotic | 783 | 69.9 |
| Second-generation | 708 | 90.4 |
| First-generation | 75 | 9.6 |
| Two antipsychotics | 198 | 17.7 |
| Three antipsychotics | 26 | 2.3 |
| Anticholinergics | ||
| One anticholinergic | 225 | 20.1 |
| Benztropine | 147 | 65.3 |
| Diphenhydramine | 32 | 14.2 |
| Hydroxyzine | 28 | 12.4 |
| Trihexyphenidyl | 18 | 8 |
| Two anticholinergics | 20 | 1.8 |
| Antidepressants | ||
| One antidepressant | 418 | 37.3 |
| Two antidepressants | 80 | 7.1 |
| Three antidepressants | 5 | 0.4 |
| Mood stabilizers | ||
| One mood stabilizer | 224 | 20 |
| Two mood stabilizers | 15 | 1.3 |
| Three mood stabilizers | 2 | 0.2 |
| Benzodiazepines | ||
| One benzodiazepine | 167 | 14.9 |
| Two benzodiazepines | 14 | 1.3 |