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. 2021 Sep 14;12:5439. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25740-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, b 90 ms step-size, c, d 70 ms step-size, and e, f 50 ms step-size. In each panel, the x-axis represents the metronome-beat number around the moment of tempo change (beat 0), and the y-axis measures the delay interval in each beat aligned to the pre-change metronome (mean group values, ±SEM; values were calculated by first averaging responses within each participant and then across the group; error bars denote SEM across participants). The dashed lines represent the metronome beat. Changes are quickly corrected, particularly for the larger steps (panels a–d). Reduced updates are seen for the smaller 50 ms step changes (panels e, f), where neurotypicals (CON control) take three–four steps to correct, and individuals with dyslexia (DYS) take longer, perhaps since these steps are less salient. The difficulties of individuals with autism (ASD) are seen in all step changes (including the smallest step-size, panels e, f), and their error is not fully corrected even within seven taps. Each participant tapped through eight-ten accelerations and eight-ten decelerations in each condition. Sample sizes: a, b 90 ms step-size: N_CON = 46, N_DYS = 31, N_ASD = 29 for acceleration and N_ASD = 26 for deceleration. c, d 70 ms step-size: N_CON = 47, N_DYS = 31, N_ASD = 29 for acceleration and N_ASD = 27 for deceleration. e, f 50 ms step-size: N_CON = 47, N_DYS = 32, N_ASD = 29 for acceleration and N_ASD = 25 for deceleration. See Methods for the exclusion criteria. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.