Table 3.
Neutralization of in vivo pharmacological activities of SL snake venoms by newly developed SL PAV.
| Pharmacological properties | Neutralization of pharmacological properties [neutralization of toxicity of SL venom (mg)/mL of PAV] (n = 5) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naja naja | Bungarus caeruleus | Daboia russelii | Echis carinatus | Hypnale hypnale | |
| MHD50a | NA | NA | 24.7* ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 |
| MND50b | NA | NA | 40.6* ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.07 | 2.8 ± 0.1 |
| MCD-P100c | NA | NA | NA | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 70.0* ± 11.8 |
| MCD-F100d | NA | NA | NA | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 36.8* ± 7.4 |
| MDD100e | NA | NA | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.04 |
| MMD50f | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.7 |
Values are means ± SD of five values.
*Significance of difference of neutralizaton potency between D. russelii, E. carinatus and H. hypnale (p < 0.05).
The PAV was dissolved in 10 mL of sterilized water. Neutralization of pharmacological activity is expressed as activity of venom (mg) neutralized per mL of reconstituted PAV in water.
NA indicates no activity by the venom.
aMinimum hemorrhagic dose (MHD) is defined as the amount of venom (in μg dry weight) which, when injected intradermally, induces in mice a 10 mm hemorrhagic lesion after a predefined time interval, usually 2–3 h, post injection.
bMinimum necrotizing dose (MND) is defined as the smallest amount of venom (in μg dry weight) which, when injected intradermally into anaesthetized mice, results in a necrotic lesion of 5 mm diameter post 3 days of treatment.
cThe minimum coagulant dose on plasma (MCD-P) is defined as the smallest amount of venom (in mg dry weight per liter of test solution or μg/mL) that induces clotting of citrated human plasma under the experimental conditions.
dThe minimum coagulant dose on fibrinogen (MCD-F) is defined as the smallest amount of venom (in mg dry weight per liter of test solution or μg/mL) that clots a solution of bovine fibrinogen in 60 s at 37 °C.
eMinimum defibrinogenating dose (MDD) is defined as the minimum dose of venom that produces incoagulable blood in all mice within 1 h of intravenous injection.
fMimimum myotoxic dose (MDD) is characterized by the appearance of myoglobin in urine and by increments in the serum levels of muscle-derived enzymes, creatine kinase (CK).