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. 2021 Sep 14;12:5417. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25509-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Heatmap depicting serum IgG antibodies discovered using a 53-plex bead-based protein array containing the indicated autoantigens (x-axis). Autoantigens are grouped based on disease (scleroderma, myositis, and overlap syndromes such as mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), SLE/Sjögren’s, gastrointestinal and endocrine disorders), DNA-associated antigens, and antigens associated with tissue inflammation or stress responses. COVID-19 patients (top panel), HC (n = 31, middle panel), and 8 prototype autoimmune disorders (bottom panel) are shown. Colors indicate autoantibodies whose MFI measurements are >5 SD (red) or <5 SD (black) above the average MFI for HC. MFIs <3000 were excluded. b Heatmap using a 41-plex array of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and receptors. The same samples in Panel A were also analyzed for anti-cytokine antibodies (ACA). Cytokines are grouped on the x-axis by category (interferons, interleukins, and other cytokines/growth factors/receptors). Prototype samples from patients with immunodeficiency disorders include three patients with Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1 (APS-1), one patient with Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP), and three patients with Atypical Mycobacterial Infections (AMI). Colors indicate autoantibodies whose MFI measurements are >5 SD (red) or <5 SD (black) above the average MFI for HC. MFIs <3000 were excluded. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.