Table 3.

Associations between chronic diseases and mortality of COVID-19.

Chronic diseases	Number of included studies	Number of COVID-19 deaths	Number of COVID-19 survivors	Prevalence in the death group (%)	Prevalence in the survival group (%)	I 2	Pooled OR (95% CI)	P -value
Hypertension	96	49,072	205,854	37.53	26.86	92.2	2.31 (2.04–2.61)	0.000
Diabetes	105	57,121	250,467	22.34	15.29	84.8	1.99 (1.82–2.18)	0.000
Pulmonary diseases
COPD	54	13,013	52,915	13.18	6.93	73.0	2.95 (2.48–3.50)	0.000
Asthma	16	11,026	36,444	8.51	8.50	0.0	0.74 (0.68–0.80)	0.000
Unspecified typea	29	19,961	120,999	21.91	13.72	63.1	2.05 (1.83–2.31)	0.000
Cardiovascular diseases
Coronary heart disease	35	9,533	36,597	22.36	11.73	63.1	2.46 (2.14–2.82)	0.000
Heart failure	24	18,504	125,276	21.17	6.99	92.9	2.74 (2.21–3.40)	0.000
Unspecified typea	52	16,043	52,536	28.56	12.15	79.3	2.59 (2.24–3.00)	0.000
Cerebrovascular disease	40	16,889	122,332	11.82	4.23	69.7	2.46 (2.08–2.91)	0.000
Hyperlipidemia	6	9,875	69,330	52.80	29.94	97.8	1.72 (1.07–2.77)	0.000
Obesity	27	35,778	119,672	7.00	8.77	93.0	1.19 (0.94–1.51)	0.147
Morbid obesity	3	1,556	3,975	9.51	10.06	0.0	0.98 (0.80–1.20)	0.858
Chronic liver disease	27	9,988	26,493	2.93	2.30	32.3	1.52 (1.30–1.77)	0.000
Chronic renal disease	60	23,024	82,836	14.11	5.68	78.3	2.85 (2.44–3.33)	0.000
Cancer	65	26,704	142,413	11.58	5.66	70.5	2.11 (1.85–2.42)	0.000
Charlson index
0	3	34,308	129,484	78.54	83.17	99.3	0.31 (0.18–0.51)	0.000
1	2	23,103	97,763	4.79	7.06	98.1	1.25 (0.67–2.33)	0.481
≥2	3	34,308	129,484	20.29	10.95	98.7	4.22 (2.56–6.96)	0.000
Any type of chronic diseasesa	43	35,905	113,002	36.49	24.88	88.8	3.11 (2.64–3.65)	0.000

^aThe included studies did not mention the specific type of disease in this category.