TABLE 5.
Factors related to outcome of atorvastatin as a monotherapy for chronic subdural hematoma: univariate analysis and multivariable analysis.
| Factor |
Number of patients (%)
|
p value, univariable analysis | p value, multivariable analysis | OR (95% CI), multivariable analysis | |
| Respose | No response | ||||
| Total | 78 | 11 | |||
| Sex | 1.000 | 0.571 | 0.523 (0.55–4.931) | ||
| Male | 66 (83.9%) | 9 (84.6%) | |||
| Female | 12 (16.1%) | 2 (18.1%) | |||
| Age (years) | 62.55 ± 15.43 | 57.27 ± 14.40 | 0.288 | 0.082 | 0.954 (0.905–1.006) |
| Systolic pressure, mmHg | 130.76 ± 12.82 | 131.73 ± 9.0 | 0.809 | 0.955 | 1.002 (0.928–1.082) |
| Diastolic pressure, mmHg | 80.06 ± 9.82 | 80.45 ± 8.99 | 0.901 | 0.929 | 0.995 (0.898–1.103) |
| Body height (cm) | 166.23 ± 20.15 | 167.27 ± 4.50 | 0.865 | 0.601 | 1.076 (0.819–1.413) |
| Weight (kg) | 66.51 ± 12.11 | 66.82 ± 9.27 | 0.937 | 0.719 | 1.026 (0.897–1.173) |
| Traumatic brain injury history | 72 (92.3%) | 10 (90.9%) | 0.36 | 0.419 | 0.309 (0.018–5.326) |
| Different cause of TBI | 0.41 | 0.658 | 1.017 (0.658–1.572) | ||
| Impact of motor vehicles, bicycles, etc. | 12 (15.4%) | 1 (9.1%) | |||
| Fall | 26 (33.3%) | 3 (27.3%) | |||
| Bump | 26 (33.4%) | 4 (36.4%) | |||
| Sports / recreation | 0 | 1 (9.1%) | |||
| Raid | 2 (2.6%) | 1 (9.1%) | |||
| Drop | 3 (3.9%) | 0 | |||
| Other | 3 (3.9%) | 0 | |||
| Headache | 54 (69.2%) | 9 (81.8%) | 0.582 | 0.560 | 1.261 (0.577–2.758) |
| None | 24 (30.8%) | 2 (18.2%) | |||
| Minor: can be endured, does not affect living | 34 (43.6%) | 2 (18.2%) | |||
| Moderate: can still be endured, affect living | 19 (24.4%) | 7 (63.6%) | |||
| Severe:affect living, patient must break even be in bed | 1 (1.3%) | 0 | |||
| RBC, 10^12/L | 4.53 ± 0.51 | 4.76 ± 0.44 | 0.157 | 0.597 | NA |
| HGB, g/L | 139.59 ± 14.51 | 142.27 ± 19.57 | 0.591 | 0.413 | 1.092(0.885–1.346) |
| WBC, 10^9/L | 7.03 ± 1.84 | 7.36 ± 3.13 | 0.747 | 0.848 | 0.948(0.550–1.635) |
| PLT, 10^9/L | 225.82 ± 65.08 | 196.55 ± 53.48 | 0.161 | 0.867 | 1.002(0.984–1.020) |
| APTT, s | 31.88 ± 5.55 | 29.42 ± 5.62 | 0.177 | 0.063 | 0.707(0.490–1.020) |
| PT, s | 11.82 ± 1.18 | 12.05 ± 1.14 | 0.555 | 0.324 | 1.343(0.748–2.414) |
| FIB, g/L | 3.30 ± 0.94 | 2.90 ± 1.49 | 0.23 | 0.146 | 0.584(0.282–1.207) |
| D-Dimer, mg/L | 0.86 ± 1.64 | 3.70 ± 7.38 | 0.39 | 0.393 | 1.197(0.793–1.806) |
| INR | 0.98 ± 0.07 | 0.97 ± 0.08 | 0.719 | 0.174 | NA |
| Lipemia, mmol/l | 1.59 ± 1.37 | 1.57 ± 1.32 | 0.967 | 0.504 | 0.824(0.466–1.455) |
| ASA-PS | 0.719 | 0.883 | 0.901(0.225–3.604) | ||
| 1 | 47 (60.3%) | 6 (54.5%) | |||
| 2 | 31 (39.7%) | 5 (45.5%) | |||
| Duration from trauma to symptoms | 0.710 | 0.255 | 0.642(0.299–1.377) | ||
| 3 weeks-1 month | 28 (35.9%) | 4 (36.4%) | |||
| 1–2 months | 27 (34.6%) | 4 (36.5%) | |||
| 2–3 months | 11 (14.1%) | 2 (18.2%) | |||
| 3–6 months | 4 (51.3%) | 0 | |||
| >6 months | 2 (2.6%) | 0 | |||
| MGS-GCS scale | 0.167 | 0.124 | 0.119(0.008–1.794) | ||
| 0 | 2 (2.6%) | 1 (9.1%) | |||
| 1 | 70 (89.7%) | 10(90.9%) | |||
| 2 | 6 (7.7%) | 0 (0%) | |||
| ADL-BI scoring | 89.71 ± 15.16 | 98.64 ± 2.33 | 0.007* | 0.996 | 1.232 (0.949–1.601) |
| Midline shift (mm) | 2.87 ± 3.58 | 7.45 ± 4.41 | 0.001* | 0.53 | 1.100 (0.820–1.476) |
| Basal cistern compression | 15 (19.2%) | 8 (72.7%) | 0.001* | 0.009* | 9.685 (1.761–53.257) |
| Bilateral hematoma | 18 (23.1%) | 1 (9.1%) | 0.558 | 0.696 | 0.623(0.058–6.666) |
| Isodensity hematoma | 12 (15.4%) | 1 (9.1%) | 1.000 | 0.263 | 0.394(0.077–2.012) |
| Low-density hematoma | 27 (34.6%) | 1 (9.1%) | 0.12 | 0.559 | 0.735(0.261–2.068) |
| High-density hematoma | 18 (23.1%) | 8 (72.7%) | 0.03* | 0.023* | 0.474 (0.249–0.902) |
| Mixed density hematoma | 21 (26.9%) | 1 (9.1%) | 0.397 | 2.585 | 2.585(0.287–23.288) |
| Organized hematoma | 11 (14.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.4 | 0.999 | NA |
| Volume of hematoma (ml) | 61.98 ± 29.54 | 93.69 ± 29.88 | 0.001* | 0.018* | 1.041 (1.007–1.076) |
| Maximal thickness of hematoma (mm) | 14.90 ± 4.95 | 19.09 ± 4.70 | 0.01* | 0.43 | 1.108 (0.859–1.43) |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not available; ADL-BI, Activities of Daily Life-the Barthel Index; CSDH, chronic subdural hematoma; MGS-GCS, Markwalder grading scale–Glasgow Coma Scale; WBC, white blood cell; INR, international normalized ratio; FIB, fibrinogen; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; PT, prothrombin Time; RBC, red blood cell; HGB, hemoglobin. ASA-PS, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification system; TBI, traumatic brain injury. *Significant difference.