Table 2.
Selected genetically-modified pigs produced for xenotransplantation research*.
| Antigen (omit 'or')deletion or ‘masking’ |
|---|
| human H-transferase gene expression (expression of blood type O antigen) |
| endo-beta-galactosidase C (reduction of Gal antigen expression) |
| α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GTKO) |
| cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene-knockout (NeuGc-KO) |
| β4GalNT2 (β1,4 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase) gene-knockout (β4GalNT2-KO) |
| Complement regulation by human complement-regulatory gene expression |
| CD46 (membrane cofactor protein) |
| CD55 (decay-accelerating factor) |
| CD59 (protectin or membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis) |
| Anticoagulation and anti-inflammatory gene expression or deletion |
| von Willebrand factor (vWF)-deficient (natural mutant) |
| human tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) |
| human thrombomodulin |
| human endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) |
| human CD39 (ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1) |
| Anticoagulation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic gene expression |
| human A20 (tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 3) |
| human heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) |
| Inhibition of phagocytosis |
| human CD47 (species-specific interaction with SIRPα inhibits phagocytosis) |
| porcine asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 gene-knockout (ASGR1-KO) (decreases platelet phagocytosis) |
| human signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) (decreases platelet phagocytosis by ‘self’ recognition) |
|
Suppression of cellular immune response by gene expression or downregulation |
| CIITA-DN (MHC class II transactivator knockdown, resulting in swine leukocyte antigen class II knockdown) |
| Class I MHC-knockout (MHC-I-KO) |
| HLA-E/human β2-microglobulin (inhibits human natural killer cell cytotoxicity) |
| HLA-G |
| human FAS ligand (CD95L) |
| human GnT-III (N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III) gene |
| porcine CTLA4-Ig (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 or CD152) |
| human TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) |
| Programed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) |
| Prevention of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) activation |
| PERV siRNA |
| PERV-KO |
*Based on an original list compiled by Ekser B24.