Table 4.

Models for innovation and potential application in coeliac disease

Model	Examples outside coeliac disease	Dividends	Potential applications in coeliac disease
Clinical trials consortium	Children’s Oncology Group TrialNet (type 1 diabetes); FARE (Food Allergy Research Education)	Successful multicentre treatment and prevention trials in difficult-to-recruit populations (e.g. double-blind placebo with oral peanut challenge in anaphylaxis); overall survival for childhood cancer >80%62; patients outside major academic centres participate in research	More rapid evaluation of increasing number of emerging therapies; increased generalizability of findings and increased rate of discovery and innovation; more efficient use of existing resources; identification of well-defined patients
Inception cohort study	Epic-IBD	Identification of prognostic features	Risk stratification at diagnosis; personalized dietary prescription
Screening study	Colorectal cancer screening trials	Justification for population-based cancer screening	Evidence-based strategies regarding who to screen and why
Collaborative care network	Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Accredited Care Centers; ImproveCareNow (IBD)	Improved quality of care and life expectancy of patients with cystic fibrosis; increase in number of children with IBD in remission off steroids	Personalized treatment for different disease phenotypes; improved understanding of natural history of treated coeliac disease

IBD, inflammatory bowel disease.