Figure 4. Signaling pathways and their crosstalk during EMT induction.

(A) Canonical receptor tyrosine kinase pathways activated by EGF/EGFR, PDGF/PDGFR, HGF/c‐Met and others, Wnt, TGFβ, Notch, Hippo, and Cytokine signaling (e.g., IL6, TNFα) and their nuclear effectors are shown, which all promote expression of core EMT‐TFs. Activation of EMT‐TFs results in execution of the EMT program, exemplified by regulated CDH1 and VIM expression. EMT is promoted by crosstalk of signaling pathways on multiple levels already in the cytoplasm (not shown). (B) Examples of EMT gene regulation of individual pathways and input from other signal transduction pathways. Effects on direct gene activation and repression are shown by green arrows and red block connections, respectively. For details, see text.