TABLE 1.
Key characteristics of included studies from 1990
| Study | Year | Country | Group | Mean age(SD) | Number | Bone site and BMD(g/cm2) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spine | Femoral neck | Forearm | Total hip | Trochanter | ||||||
| Schweiger | 1994 | Germany | no depression | 60(12) | 57 | 1.01 ± 0.41 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| depression | 60.5(10.5) | 80 | 0.91 ± 0.43 | |||||||
| Michelson | 1996 | USA | no depression | 41(7) | 24 | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 0.88 ± 0.11 | N/A | N/A | 0.74 ± 0.08 |
| depression | 41(8) | 24 | 0.87 ± 0.12 | 0.76 ± 0.11 | 0.66 ± 0.11 | |||||
| Amsterdam | 1998 | USA | no depression | 37.8(3.6) | 5 | 1.176 ± 0.01 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| depression | 41.3(12.8) | 6 | 1.166 ± 0.01 | |||||||
| Reginster | 1999 | Belgium | no depression | —— | 12 | 0.921 ± 0.01 | 0.710 ± 0.01 | N/A | 0.821 ± 0.01 | N/A |
| depression | —— | 12 | 0.905 ± 0.02 | 0.677 ± 0.01 | 0.776 ± 0.01 | |||||
| Whooley | 1999 | USA | no depression | 73.3(5.1) | 6,895 | 0.86 ± 0.17 | N/A | N/A | 0.76 ± 0.13 | N/A |
| depression | 74.5(5.3) | 461 | 0.85 ± 0.17 | 0.76 ± 0.13 | ||||||
| Schweiger | 2000 | Germany | no depression | 64(10) | 21 | 0.97 ± 0.51 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| depression | 59(11) | 18 | 0.88 ± 0.34 | |||||||
| Robbins | 2001 | USA | no depression | 74.21 (4.61) | 1,319 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.83 ± 0.18 | N/A |
| depression | 74.87 (5.56) | 230 | 0.79 ± 0.18 | |||||||
| Kavunco | 2002 | Turkey | No depression | 36.7(6.7) | 42 | 1.160 ± 0.128 | 0.997 ± 0.121 | N/A | 1.038 ± 0.106 | 0.854 ± 0.10 |
| depression | 35.4(7.5) | 42 | 1.163 ± 0.123 | 0.984 ± 0.112 | 1.024 ± 0.122 | 0.847 ± 0.114 | ||||
| Yazıcı | 2003 | Turkey | no depression | 31.2(7.9) | 15 | 1.108 ± 0.085 | 0.859 ± 0.118 | N/A | 0.953 ± 0.086 | 1.095 ± 0.126 |
| depression | 30.8(8.4) | 25 | 0.978 ± 0.143 | 0.768 ± 0.112 | 0.851 ± 0.13 | 0.989 ± 0.152 | ||||
| Mussolino | 2004 | USA | no depression | 29.8 | 4,747 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.001 | N/A |
| depression | 30.3 | 424 | 0.976 | |||||||
| Whooley | 2004 | USA | no depression | 66.7 ( 7.5) | 497 | 1.08 ± 0.17 | N/A | N/A | 0.95 ± 0.14 | N/A |
| depression | 64.6 ( 8.6) | 16 | 1.07 ± 0.17 | 0.93 ± 0.14 | ||||||
| Ozsoy | 2005 | Turkey | no depression | 33.73 ± 7.16 | 23 | 0.99 ± 0.09 | 0.82 ± 0.12 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| depression | 37.57 ± 8.70 | 42 | 0.96 ± 0.13 | 0.86 ± 0.20 | ||||||
| Sogaard | 2005 | Norway | no depression | 40.5 | 1,437 | N/A | N/A | 0.552 ± 0.2 | N/A | N/A |
| depression | 40.7 | 343 | 0.536 ± 0.2 | |||||||
| Wong | 2005 | Hongkong | no depression | 72.34 ± 4.96 | 1,830 | 0.95 ± 0.18 | N/A | N/A | 0.87 ± 0.13 | N/A |
| depression | 72.94 ± 5.41 | 169 | 0.94 ± 0.20 | 0.83 ± 0.13 | ||||||
| Yazıcı | 2005 | Turkey | no depression | 46.2 ± 4.2 | 30 | 0.937 ± 0.40 | 0.745 ± 0.511 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| depression | 44.8 ± 5.4 | 35 | 1.021 ± 0.07 | 0.883 ± 0.13 | ||||||
| Kahl | 2006 | Germany | no depression | 18–43 | 16 | 1.25 ± 0.03 | 1.05 ± 0.03 | 0.52 ± 0.01 | N/A | N/A |
| depression | 20–51 | 23 | 1.21 ± 0.05 | 1.05 ± 0.04 | 0.56 ± 0.02 | |||||
| Altindag | 2007 | Turkey | no depression | 42.8 ± 5.3 (26–56) | 41 | 98.9 ± 2.5 | 108.0 ± 2.2 | N/A | N/A | |
| depression | 39.8 ± 8.8 (33–54) | 36 | 94.7 ± 3.2 | 103.9 ± 2.8 | ||||||
| Diem | 2007 | USA | no depression | 75.6 ± 4.1 | 3,977 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.7 ± 0.1 | N/A |
| depression | 76.7 ± 4.3 | 200 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | |||||||
| Eskandari | 2007 | USA | no depression | 35 ± 6.8 | 44 | 1.043 ± 0.092 | 0.866 ± 0.094 | N/A | 0.973 ± 0.104 | N/A |
| depression | 35 ± 6.9 | 89 | 1.02 ± 0.12 | 0.849 ± 0.121 | 0.963 ± 0.120 | |||||
| Petronijević | 2007 | Serbia | no depression | 40.5 ± 5.7 | 47 | 1.218 ± 0.118 | 1.003 ± 0.090 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| depression | 40.7 ± 4.6 | 73 | 1.007 ± 0.132 | 0.821 ± 0.120 | ||||||
| Mezuk | 2008 | USA | no depression | —— | 83 | 1.19 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| depression | —— | 10 | 1 | |||||||
| Williams | 2011 | Australia | no depression | 66.0 (47.0–73.0) | 6,290 | N/A | N/A | 0.385 ± 0.081 | N/A | N/A |
| depression | 65.0 (50.0–73.0) | 1,180 | 0.384 ± 0.078 | |||||||
| Atteritano | 2013 | Italy | no depression | 53.36 ± 2.47 | 50 | 0.82 ± 0.09 | 0.71 ± 0.07 | N/A | 0.66 ± 0.09 | N/A |
| depression | 53.63 ± 1.93 | 50 | 0.72 ± 0.06 | 0.58 ± 0.04 | 0.54 ± 0.06 | |||||
| Fazeli | 2013 | USA | no depression | <17 | 33 | N/A | N/A | 0.89 ± 0.14 | 0.96 ± 0.14 | |
| depression | <17 | 32 | 0.88±0.014 | 0.95 ± 0.15 | ||||||
| Calarge | 2014 | USA | no depression | 19.1(1.4) | 150 | 0.83 ± 0.89 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| depression | 19.1(1.4) | 72 | 0.58 ± 1.02 | |||||||
| Rauma | 2015 | Finland | no depression | 60.9 (47.6–75.1) | 794 | 1.298 ± 0.201 | N/A | 0.418 ± 0.064 | 1.062 ± 0.147 | N/A |
| depression | 53.5 (38.3–64.1) | 144 | 1.263 ± 0.178 | 0.423 ± 0.064 | 1.083 ± 0.161 | |||||