TABLE 2.

Common PASC system manifestations, symptoms, additional testing/studies and referral options

	Cardiovascular	Pulmonary	Endocrine	Autoimmune	Mood disorders	Sleep disorders
Common Symptoms and Signs	Symptoms: Chest pains, palpitations, sweating, nausea, fatigue, leg swelling, shortness of breath ‐ at rest/on exertion/lying flat/waking up at night, dizziness on standing, feeling faint/fainting Signs: Pallor, tachypnea, tachycardia, diaphoresis, pulmonary rales, lower extremity edema, hypotensive sitting/standing ‐ orthostatic hypotension, presyncopal/syncopal, poor activity tolerance/endurance	Symptoms: Shortness of breath – at rest/on exertion, cough, wheeze, fatigue, poor activity tolerance Signs: Tachypnea, tachycardia, cough, hypoxia/low pulse oximeter, pulmonary wheezes/rhonchi/“Velcro” rales, poor activity tolerance/endurance	Symptoms: Palpitations, fatigue, dizziness, weight gain/loss, sense of chills/fever, irregular menstrual cycle, poor diabetic control, excessive thirst/urination Signs: Tachycardia, poor activity tolerance, weight gain/loss, low/elevated temperature, elevated finger‐stick/urine glucose, ketotic (fruity) breath	Symptoms: Rash, joint/muscle pain and stiffness, fever, mouth sores/ulcers, cold/pale/blue/red fingers, sharp chest pain, numbness/tingling/burning in fingers/toes, blurry/decreased vision Signs: Rash, arthropathy – swelling/warmth/decreased ROM, myopathy – tenderness/weakness, fever, Raynaud's phenomena, pleuritic pain on deep breathing, altered sensation, decreased visual acuity	Symptoms: Anxiety, irritability, chest tightness, low frustration tolerance, depression, fatigue, mood swings, palpitations, change in memory/recall Signs: flat affect/low mood, emotional lability that is, crying/laughing inappropriately, limited impulse control, psychosis	Symptoms: Poor sleep ‐ hard to fall asleep/wakes frequently/wakes early, nonrestorative/refreshing sleep ‐ “tired” on waking, snoring, frequent urination at night, bad dreams/nightmares, falls asleep during the day, morning headaches Signs: Snoring, restless legs, observed apneic episodes, hypertension, arrhythmias, narcolepsy, congestive heart failure, impaired neurocognition, poorly controlled mood disorder
Further Studies to Consider in Addition to Basic Laboratory Evaluation	B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP), troponins, D‐dimer, chest‐x‐ray (CXR), electrocardiogram (EKG), echocardiogram (ECHO), exercise stress test/ cardiopulmonary exercise test (EST/CPET), Holter monitor, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging	D‐dimer, pulmonary function tests (PFTs), CXR, computed tomography (CT) chest (with contrast if concerned for a pulmonary embolism)	Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)/Free T4 (thyroxine), cortisol levels, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone (men), estradiol (women)	Imaging of effected joints, antibody screen based on ongoing symptoms	An anxiety and depression screen (for example, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) fast screen; Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)‐2/9, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)	Sleep apnea screen (eg, the STOP‐BANG questionnaire or Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]) overnight sleep study for oximetry and sleep apnea
Referral	Cardiology	Pulmonology	Endocrinology	Rheumatology	Psychiatry	Sleep Medicine

Abbreviations: PASC, postacute sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection; ROM, range of motion.