TABLE 5.
Suggested modality, frequency, intensity and timing of rehabilitation protocols from secondary articles
| Article | Modality | Program components | Frequency | Intensity | Duration | Timing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mukaino et al. 47 | Telehealth | Exercise program | Once | NR | 20 min | Community rehabilitation |
| Qu et al. 56 | Telehealth | Exercise program | Daily | 1.0 MET ‐ <3.0 METS | 15‐45 min | Community rehabilitation |
| Rayegani et al. 58 | NR | Physical activity | 2x per day, 1 h after eating | NR | 15–45 min | NR |
| Righetti et al. 59 | In person | Prone ventilation | Once per day | NR | 12‐16 h | Acute care |
| Ronconi et al. 60 | In person | Prone positioning | Once per day | NR | 12 h | Acute care |
| Head and arm mobilization | NR | Every 4–6 h | ||||
| Sheehy 62 | In person | Strength training | 3× per week, for 6 weeks | 8–12 RM, 1–3 sets | NR | Across continuum |
| Aerobic exercise | Increased to 3–5× per week over time | Start with <3 METs and increase over time | Increased to 20‐30 min over time | |||
| Wang et al., 73 | In‐person | Prone positioning | NR | NR | 2 min | Acute care |
| Stretching | 3× per day | NR | NR | |||
| Yang and Yang 74 | Telehealth | Aerobic exercises | Increase to 3–5× per week | Progressive increase from low intensity | Increase up to 20–30 min | Community rehabilitation |
| Strength training | 2–3× per week | 8–12 RM, 1–3 groups each time; increase load 5%–10% every week | 2 min per group | |||
| Traditional Chinese Medicine | Once per day | NR | 30–50 min | |||
| Abdullahi 105 , 106 | In person | Postural management | Once per day | NR | 12–16 h | Within 72 h of endotracheal intubation |
| Ahmed and Haji 109 | Telehealth | Aerobic exercises | 3–5× per week | Build toward 12–14/20 RPE | Baseline tolerance build to 60 min | At home |
| Resistance training | 2+ days per week | 40%–50% 1 RM, 1–4 sets, 10–15 reps | NR | |||
| Flexibility | 2 days per week | 2–4 reps per muscle group | 10–30 s per stretch | |||
| Cheng et al. 120 , a | Telehealth | Aerobic exercises | 5×+/week | 40%–59% HRR | 30–60 min | At home |
| Resistance training | 2–3 days/week, 48 h intervals | Strength—60% 1 RM, 2‐4 sets, 8‐12 reps | ||||
| Endurance—50% 1 RM, ≤2 sets, 15‐25 reps | ||||||
| Demeco et al. 122 | Telehealth | Aerobic exercises | 3–5× per week | Low intensity with steady increase | 20–30 min | At home |
| Strength training | 2–3× per week for 6 weeks | Weekly intensity increases by 5%–10% | NR |
a
Recommended for mild COVID with no preexisting risk factors.
Abbreviations: HRR, heart rate reserve; METS, metabolic equivalents; NR, not reported; RM, repetition maximum; RPE, rate of perceived exertion.