TABLE 3.

Disaggregated impact of the various nonpharmaceutical interventions on daily change in deaths, for 13 European countries, March–May 2020

	Model I	Model II	Model III	Model IV
School closure	−2.9	−3.3	−2.5	−22.1***
	[−6.4, 0.62]	[−7.0, 0.5]	[−6.1, 1.1]
Workplace closure	−4.0*	−4.1*	−4.0
	[−7.4, −0.5]	[−7.6, −0.5]	[−8.9, 0.9]
Restricting events	−5.9**	−2.2	−13.0***
	[−9.8, −2.0]
Restricting gathering size	3.1**	[−7.6, 3.2]
	[1.0, 5.2]
Closure of public transport	2.5	−9.5*
	[−1.7, 6.6]			[−27.4, −16.9]
Stay‐at‐home restrictions	−3.7		[−20.0, −6.1]
	[−11.8, 4.4]
Restrictions on internal travel	−2.5	[−16.9, −2.2]
	[−7.3, 2.2]
Restrictions on international travel	−5.4*
	[−9.6, −1.1]
Face mask requirements	−6.8**	−4.0*	−4.1*
	[−11.3, −2.2]	[−7.8, −0.3]	[−7.6, −0.62]
Continuous mobility	−7.5	−8.8*	−10.0*	−8.5*
	[−15.7, 0.62]	[−16.1, −1.4]	[−17.9, −2.1]	[−15.9, −1.1]
Number of observations	776	776	776	776

Note: 95% Confidence intervals are presented in square brackets. Specifications also included controls for t, t‐squared, the percentage of population older than 65, the population density, and number of acute care beds per 100,000 people, and the date when the 5‐day moving average of daily deaths is first equal to at least five. Standard errors are clustered at the country level. The unit of observation is a country‐day: 1 day of data for a specific country. All indicators of government restrictions are as defined in the Oxford tracker and are normalized across an interval [0,1] for the 13 countries. N lower than in Models I–III in Table 2 because the lagged mobility data are only available for Italy from the third day of the epidemic.

^*Significant at 5% level.

^**Significant at 1% level.

^***Significant at 0.1% level.