Table 4.

Recommendations for research progression in subphenotype identification

Research recommendation	Actions required
Establishment of subphenotype reproducibility and overlap	Use of large prospective studies with heterogeneous patient cohorts to validate subphenotypes and compare similar subphenotypes.
Establishment of subphenotype stability across clinical settings and patient demographics	The prospective studies must exist of heterogeneous patient cohorts across multiple clinical settings. The studies should be repeated to assess subphenotypes which differ by severity and duration, and studies should also be repeated at multiple time points. Subphenotype-related biomarkers should be compared across various settings where appropriate.
Validation of subphenotyping strategies	Sharing of large datasets and algorithms between investigators, ideally by making data open access. Greater levels of cybersecurity required.
Reduction in research competitivity	Emphasis on collaboration and involvement in publications.