TABLE 3.

Summary of codes for current and future scholarship in BER

Category	Codea	Definition
Classroom interventions	Practices	Develops specific classroom practices to aid in student learning
	Professional development (prof dev)	Equips educators (faculty, graduate students, etc.) to improve their teaching
	Laboratory	Incorporates research into laboratory courses
	Curriculum	Develops resources for others to utilize
	Technology	Focuses on the use of technology in teaching biology and examining its effectiveness
Student outcomes	Knowledge	Assesses student understanding, ranging from specific concepts to the program level
	Affect	Examines student attitudes, motivation, etc., regarding biology learning and instruction
	Metacognition	Fosters student metacognition
	Persistence	Looks at practices to improve persistence of students in biology
	Process	Develops skills related to the scientific method or scientific processes
Research approaches	Concept inventory (concept inv)	Develops instruments to measure student knowledge of concepts
	Mechanism	Investigates the mechanism of why teaching and learning may or may not be effective
	Interdisciplinary	Utilizes frameworks or methodologies from other disciplines to enhance BER
	Population	Focuses on understudied populations, such as community college and transfer students
	Longitudinal	Follows students through multiple phases of their education beyond one course
Inclusion	Inclusion	Makes education more accessible and inclusive to everyone regardless of background
BER impact	Legitimate	Increases general perception of BER as a legitimate or rigorous field of study
	Society	Contributes to biology education aside from that at postsecondary academic institutions

^aCodes are grouped into larger categories: classroom interventions, student outcomes, research approaches, inclusion, and research impact.