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. 2021 Sep 14;11(9):e045942. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045942

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Small-study effects in meta-analyses across medical specialties. (A) Distribution of p values from regression-based tests, p<0.05 (one sided) were considered as evidence for small-study effects in meta-analyses (red). (B) Prevalence (with 95% CI) of small-study effects across the medical specialties. (C) Regression estimates (with 95% CI) for small-study effects with the outcome t-scores from regression-based tests. (D) Same but for a binary outcome (small-study effects yes/no). (E) Distribution of intercepts (magnitude of small-study effects) from regression-based test. (F) Number of systematic reviews affected by bias. ENT, ear, nose and throat. SJR, Scimago journal rank. n.s., not statistically significant.