Table 1. Demographic characteristics and some exposure factors of the study participants.
| Characteristic | Control | Case | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Child gender (n = 855) | n = 413 | n = 442 | 0.916 |
| Boy | 222 (53.8) | 236 (53.4) | |
| Girl | 191 (46.2) | 206 (46.6) | |
| Age of child at assessment, months (n = 855) | n = 413 | n = 442 | 0.982 |
| 9 | 89 (21.5) | 99 (22.4) | |
| 18 | 112 (27.1) | 121 (27.4) | |
| 30 | 122 (29.5) | 130 (29.4) | |
| 42 | 90 (21.8) | 92 (20.8) | |
| Mother characteristic | |||
| Mother age when pregnant, years (n = 820) | n = 402 | n = 418 | 0.320 |
| <18 | 47 (11.7) | 39 (9.3) | |
| 18–25 | 178 (44.3) | 171 (40.9) | |
| 26–30 | 82 (20.4) | 101 (24.2) | |
| 31–35 | 62 (15.4) | 61 (14.6) | |
| ≥36 | 33 (8.2) | 46 (11.0) | |
| Mean ± SD | 25.36 ± 6.51 | 26.17 ± 6.72 | 0.080 |
| Range | 13–42 | 13–46 | |
| Education of mother (n = 847) | n = 407 | n = 440 | 0.883 |
| no school | 10 (2.5) | 14 (3.2) | |
| primary school | 59 (14.5) | 66 (15.0) | |
| secondary school | 292 (71.7) | 315 (71.6) | |
| college degree | 46 (11.3) | 45 (10.2) | |
| Occupation of mother (n = 845) | n = 407 | n = 438 | 0.014 * |
| farmer | 39 (9.6) | 47 (10.7) | |
| own business | 79 (19.4) | 60 (13.7) | |
| civil servant | 23 (5.7) | 12 (2.7) | |
| Employee (formal) | 59 (14.5) | 77 (17.6) | |
| Employee (general work) | 160 (39.3) | 168 (38.4) | |
| housewife/ retired / unemployed | 47 (11.5) | 74 (16.9) | |
| Income of mother, baht (n = 813) | n = 394 | n = 419 | 0.490 |
| <5,000 | 84 (21.3) | 93 (22.2) | |
| 5,000–9,999 | 155 (39.3) | 163 (38.9) | |
| 10,000–14,999 | 74 (18.8) | 64 (15.3) | |
| 15,000 or more | 81 (20.6) | 99 (23.6) | |
| Mean ± SD | 9854 ± 7352 | 10405 ± 8504 | 0.323 |
| Cigarette smoking of mother (n = 856) | n = 414 | n = 442 | 1.000 |
| Never smoke | 413 (99.8) | 441 (99.8) | |
| Current smoker | 1 (0.2) | 1(0.2) | |
| Alcohol consumption of mother (n = 855) | n = 413 | n = 442 | 0.039 * |
| Never drink | 400 (96.9) | 435 (98.4) | |
| Used to drink | 6 (1.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Currently drink | 7 (1.7) | 7 (1.6) | |
| Mother having chronic disease (n = 844) | n = 409 | n = 435 | 0.197 |
| No | 383 (93.6) | 397 (91.3) | |
| Yes | 26 (6.4) | 38 (8.7) | |
| Child pregnancy/birth outcome | |||
| Child gestation period, week (n = 825) | n = 398 | n = 427 | 0.599 |
| 37 or more | 351 (88.2) | 371 (86.9) | |
| <37 | 47 (11.8) | 56 (13.1) | |
| Birth order (n = 847) | n = 410 | n = 437 | 0.023 * |
| 1 | 237 (57.8) | 212 (48.5) | |
| 2 | 125 (30.5) | 158 (36.2) | |
| 3 or more | 48 (11.7) | 67 (15.3) | |
| Delivery methods (n = 842) | 0.288 | ||
| vaginal delivery | 274 (67.5) | 303 (69.5) | |
| Caesarean section | 126 (31.0) | 131 (30.0) | |
| Assisted delivery | 6 (1.5) | 2 (0.5) | |
| Birth weight, gram (n = 850) | n = 410 | n = 440 | 0.001 * |
| 2,500 or more | 379 (92.4) | 376 (85.5) | |
| <2,500 | 31 (7.6) | 64 (14.5) | |
| Ever breast-feeding (n = 662) | n = 336 | n = 326 | 0.040 * |
| Yes | 293 (87.2) | 301 (92.3) | |
| No | 43 (12.8) | 25 (7.7) | |
| Pesticide environmental exposure | |||
| Years of residence in the area (n = 850) | n = 412 | n = 438 | 0.124 |
| <5 | 77 (18.7) | 97 (22.1) | |
| 5–10 | 78 (18.9) | 95 (21.7) | |
| 11–20 | 84 (20.4) | 63 (14.4) | |
| 21–30 | 96 (23.3) | 110 (25.1) | |
| 31 or more | 77 (18.7) | 73 (16.7) | |
| Having family member working as a farmer
(n = 830) |
n = 399 | n = 431 | 0.312 |
| Yes | 137 (34.3) | 163 (37.8) | |
| No | 262 (65.7) | 268 (62.2) | |
| Distance from farm to home, km (n = 848) | n = 410 | n = 438 | 0.280 |
| <0.1 | 91 (22.2) | 101 (23.1) | |
| 0.1–0.5 | 111 (27.1) | 97 (22.1) | |
| 0.5–1.0 | 73 (17.8) | 78 (17.8) | |
| 2.0–5.0 | 76 (18.5) | 104 (23.7) | |
| >5.0 | 59 (14.4) | 58 (13.2) | |
| Frequency of farm enter (n = 855) | n = 413 | n = 442 | 0.277 |
| never | 182 (44.1) | 210 (47.5) | |
| <1 time per month | 159 (38.5) | 147 (33.3) | |
| >1 time per month | 72 (17.4) | 85 (19.2) | |
| Store pesticides in a house (n = 690) | n = 341 | n = 349 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 50 (14.7) | 51 (14.6) | |
| No | 291 (85.3) | 298 (85.4) |
Value expressed as number (percent) or mean ± standard error unless noted otherwise.
* Statistically significant difference with p value <0.05.