Table 2. Types of pesticides exposure of case and control and risk of suspected developmental delay.
| Pesticide use | Control | Case | OR (crude) | OR (adjusted) ** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pesticide (Ever) | ||||
| No | 366 (88.6) | 395 (89.6) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 47 (11.4) | 46 (10.4) | 0.91 (0.59-1.40) | 0.97 (0.51-1.85) |
| Insecticide (Ever) | ||||
| No | 373 (90.3) | 403 (91.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 40 (9.7) | 39 (8.8) | 0.90 (0.57-1.43) | 0.97 (0.48-2.00) |
| Insecticide (PreN) | ||||
| No | 375 (90.8) | 410 (92.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 38 (9.2) | 32 (7.2) | 0.77 (0.47-1.26) | 0.84 (0.40-1.75) |
| Insecticide (PostN) | ||||
| No | 397 (96.1) | 421 (95.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 16 (3.9) | 21 (4.8) | 1.24 (0.64-2.41) | 1.61 (0.66-3.90) |
| Fungicide (Ever) | ||||
| No | 389 (94.2) | 412 (93.2) | ||
| Yes | 24 (5.8) | 30 (6.8) | 1.18 (0.68-2.06) | 1.59 (0.71-3.56) |
| Fungicide (PreN) | ||||
| No | 390 (94.4) | 416 (94.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 23 (5.6) | 25 (5.7) | 1.02 (0.57-1.83) | 1.25 (0.54-2.91) |
| Fungicide (PostN) | ||||
| No | 404 (97.8) | 424 (96.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 9 (2.2) | 17 (3.9) | 1.80 (0.79-4.08) | 2.42 (0.82-7.14) |
| Herbicide (Ever) | ||||
| No | 372 (90.1) | 404 (91.4) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 41 (9.9) | 38 (8.6) | 0.85 (0.54-1.36) | 0.94 (0.48-1.86) |
| Herbicide (PreN) | ||||
| No | 375 (90.8) | 408 (92.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 38 (9.2) | 34 (7.7) | 0.82 (0.51-1.33) | 0.87 (0.43-1.73) |
| Herbicide (PostN) | ||||
| No | 399 (96.6) | 424 (95.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 14 (3.4) | 18 (4.1) | 1.21 (0.59-2.47) | 1.36 (0.53-3.47) |
| Rodenticide (Ever) | ||||
| No | 397 (96.1) | 425 (96.4) | ||
| Yes | 16 (3.9) | 16 (3.6) | 0.93 (0.46-1.89) | 0.92 (0.36-2.35) |
| Rodenticide (PreN) | ||||
| No | 397 (96.1) | 427 (96.8) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 16 (3.9) | 14 (3.2) | 0.81 (0.39-1.69) | 0.81 (0.31-2.14) |
| Rodenticide (PostN) | ||||
| No | 407 (98.5) | 433 (98.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 6 (1.5) | 8 (1.8) | 1.25 (0.43-3.64) | 1.28 (0.34-4.86) |
| Molluscicide (Ever) | ||||
| No | 392 (94.9) | 420 (95.2) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 21 (5.1) | 21 (4.8) | 0.93 (0.50-1.74) | 0.92 (0.39-2.16) |
| Molluscicide (PreN) | ||||
| No | 392 (94.9) | 423 (95.9) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 21 (5.1) | 18 (4.1) | 0.79 (0.42-1.51) | 0.78 (0.32-1.87) |
| Molluscicide (PostN) | ||||
| No | 404 (97.8) | 429 (97.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 9 (2.2) | 12 (2.7) | 1.26 (0.52-3.01) | 2.11 (0.66-6.75) |
Ever, either prenatal exposure or postnatal exposure; PreN, prenatal exposure; PostN, postnatal exposure.
* Statistically significant with p value <0.05.
**Adjusted for mother age when pregnant (continuous), education (no school, primary school, secondary school, college degree), occupation (farmer, own business, civil servant, employee [formal], employee [general work], housewife/ retired / unemployed, income (<5000 baht, 5000–9999, 10000–14999, 15000 or more), chronic disease (yes, no), alcohol consumption (yes, no), gestation (<37 weeks, 37 or more), birth order (1, 2, 3 or more), delivery method (vaginal delivery, caesarean section, assisted delivery), baby weight (<2500 grams, 2500 grams or more), and breast-feeding (yes, no).