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. 2021 Aug 24;9:1501. Originally published 2020 Dec 23. [Version 5] doi: 10.12688/f1000research.27874.5

Table 3. Individual pesticide exposure of case and control and risk of suspected developmental delay.

Pesticide use Control Case OR (crude) OR (adjusted) **
Glyphosate
Glyphosate (Ever)
    No 377 (91.7) 409 (92.5) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 34 (8.3) 33 (7.5) 0.90 (0.54–1.47) 0.93 (0.46–1.90)
Glyphosate (PreN)
    No 379 (92.2) 413 (93.4) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 32 (7.8) 29 (6.6) 0.83 (0.49–1.40) 0.92 (0.45–1.91)
Glyphosate (PostN)
    No 400 (97.3) 426 (96.4) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 11 (2.7) 16 (3.6) 1.37 (0.63–2.98) 1.32 (0.49–3.55)
Paraquat (Ever)
    No 381 (92.7) 417 (94.3) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 30 (7.3) 25 (5.7) 0.76 (0.44–1.32) 0.88 (0.40–1.91)
Paraquat (PreN)
    No 383 (93.2) 419 (94.8) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 28 (6.8) 23 (5.2) 0.75 (0.43–1.33) 0.85 (0.38–1.88)
Paraquat (PostN)
    No 403 (98.1) 431 (97.7) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 8 (1.9) 10 (2.3) 1.17 (0.46–2.99) 1.63 (0.46–5.73)
Butachlor (Ever)
    No 400 (97.3) 435 (98.4) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 11 (2.7) 7 (1.6) 0.59 (0.23–1.52) 0.88 (0.27–2.92)
Butachlor (PreN)
    No 400 (97.3) 437 (98.9) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 11 (2.7) 5 (1.1) 0.42 (0.14–1.21) 0.58 (0.15–2.18)
Butachlor (PostN)
    No 407 (99.0) 436 (98.6) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 4 (1.0) 6 (1.4) 1.40 (0.39–5.00) 2.85 (0.61–13.24)
Methyl parathion/
Pholidon (Ever)
    No 393 (95.4) 426 (96.8) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 19 (4.6) 14 (3.2) 0.68 (0.34–1.37) 0.89 (0.32–2.48)
Methyl parathion/
Pholidon (PreN)
    No 394 (95.6) 427 (97.0) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 18 (4.4) 13 (3.0) 0.67 (0.32–1.38) 0.95 (0.33–2.76)
Methyl parathion/
Pholidon (PostN)
    No 406 (98.5) 431 (98.0) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 6 (1.5) 9 (2.0) 1.41 (0.50–4.01) 2.19 (0.57–8.40)
Savin (Ever)
    No 399 (97.3) 429 (97.5) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 11 (2.7) 11 (2.5) 0.93 (0.40–2.17) 1.58 (0.50–4.96)
Savin (PreN)
    No 399 (97.3) 429 (97.5) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 11 (2.7) 11 (2.5) 0.93 (0.40–2.17) 1.59 (0.51–5.00)
Savin (PostN)
    No 408 (99.3) 433 (98.4) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 3 (0.7) 7 (1.6) 2.20 (0.57–8.56) 2.86 (0.62–13.27)
Chlorpyrifos (Ever)
    No 400 (97.3) 428 (97.1) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 11 (2.7) 13 (2.9) 1.11 (0.49–2.49) 3.71 (1.03–13.36) *
Chlorpyrifos (PreN)
    No 401 (97.6) 430 (97.5) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 10 (2.4) 11 (2.5) 1.03 (0.43–2.44) 2.97 (0.80–11.07)
Chlorpyrifos (PostN)
    No 406 (99.0) 433 (98.2) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 4 (1.0) 8 (1.8) 1.88 (0.56–6.28) 5.92 (1.01–34.68) *
Methomyl (Ever)
    No 397 (96.6) 432 (98.0) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 14 (3.4) 9 (2.0) 0.59 (0.25–1.38) 0.63 (0.22–1.80)
Methomy l(PreN)
    No 397 (96.6) 433 (98.2) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 14 (3.4) 8 (1.8) 0.52 (0.22–1.26) 0.54 (0.18–1.61)
Methomyl (PostN)
    No 408 (99.3) 435 (98.6) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 3 (0.7) 6 (1.4) 1.88 (0.47–7.55) 2.52 (0.52–12.23)
Endosulfan (Ever)
    No 394 (95.9) 431 (97.7) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 17 (4.1) 10 (2.3) 0.54 (0.24–1.19) 0.65 (0.25–1.73)
Endosulfan (PreN)
    No 394 (95.9) 432 (98.0) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 17 (4.1) 9 (2.0) 0.48 (0.21–1.10) 0.58 (0.21–1.56)
Endosulfan (PostN)
    No 408 (99.3) 434 (98.4) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 3 (0.7) 7 (1.6) 2.19 (0.56–8.54) 5.16 (0.86–31.21)
Carbosulfan (Ever)
    No 401 (97.6) 434 (98.4) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 10 (2.4) 7 (1.6) 0.65 (0.24–1.72) 0.78 (0.24–2.52)
Carbosulfan (PreN)
    No 401 (97.6) 436 (98.9) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 10 (2.4) 5 (1.1) 0.46 (0.16–1.36) 0.51 (0.14–1.90)
Carbosulfan (PostN)
    No 409 (99.5) 435 (98.6) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 2 (0.5) 6 (1.4) 2.82 (0.57–14.06) 4.47 (0.71–28.71)
Methamidophos
(Tamaron) (Ever)
    No 107 (99.0) 437 (99.1) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 4 (1.0) 4 (0.9) 0.93 (0.23–3.75) 1.98 (0.39–10.37)
Methamidophos
(PreN)		 407 (99.0) 437 (99.1) 1.0 1.0
    No 4 (1.0) 4 (0.9) 0.93 (0.23–3.75) 1.99 (0.38–10.37)
    Yes
Methamidophos
(PostN)		 409 (99.5) 438 (99.3) 1.0 1.0
    No 2 (0.5) 3 (0.7) 1.40 (0.23–8.43) 3.12 (0.42–23.38)
    Yes
Monochrotofos
(Ever)
    No 406 (98.8) 438 (99.3) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 5 (1.2) 3 (0.7) 0.56 (0.13–2.34) 1.63 (0.29–9.28)
Monochrotofos
(PreN)
    No 406 (98.8) 438 (99.3) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 5 (1.2) 3 (0.7) 0.56 (0.13–2.34) 1.63 (0.29–9.28)
Monochrotofos
(PostN)
    No 408 (99.3) 438 (99.3) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 3 (0.7) 3 (0.7) 0.93 (0.19–4.64) 3.12 (0.42–23.38)
DDT (Ever)
    No 397 (96.6) 434 (98.4) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 14 (3.4) 7 (1.6) 0.46 (0.18–1.15) 0.44 (0.14–1.33)
DDT (PreN)
    No 398 (96.8) 434 (98.4) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 13 (3.2) 7 (1.6) 0.49 (0.20–1.25) 0.53 (0.17–1.64)
DDT (PostN)
    No 408 (99.3) 438 (99.3) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 3 (0.7) 3 (0.7) 0.93 (0.19–4.64) 1.42 (0.24–8.44)
Mancozeb (Ever)
    No 404 (98.3) 430 (97.5) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 7 (1.7) 11 (2.5) 1.48 (0.57–3.85) 1.86 (0.58–5.89)
Mancozeb (PreN)
    No 404 (98.3) 430 (97.5) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 7 (1.7) 11 (2.5) 1.48 (0.57–3.85) 1.86 (0.58–5.89)
Mancozeb (PostN)
    No 409 (99.5) 436 (98.9) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 2 (0.5) 5 (1.1) 2.35 (0.45–12.16) 3.94 (0.59–26.19)
Bordeaumixture
(Ever)
    No 409 (99.5) 436 (98.9) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 2 (0.5) 5 (1.1) 2.35 (0.45–12.16) 4.00 (0.61–26.33)
Bordeaumixture
(PreN)
    No 409 (99.5) 436 (98.9) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 2 (0.5) 5 (1.1) 2.35 (0.45–12.16) 4.00 (0.61–26.33)
Bordeaumixture
(PostN)
    No 409 (99.5) 438 (99.3) 1.0 1.0
    Yes 2 (0.5) 3 (0.7) 1.40 (0.23–8.43) 3.12 (0.42–23.38)

Ever, either prenatal exposure or postnatal exposure; PreN, prenatal exposure; PostN, postnatal exposure.

* Statistically significant with p value <0.05.

**Adjusted for mother age when pregnant (continuous), education (no school, primary school, secondary school, college degree), occupation (farmer, own business, civil servant, employee [formal], employee [general work], housewife/ retired / unemployed, income (<5000 baht, 5000–9999, 10000–14999, 15000 or more), chronic disease (yes, no), alcohol consumption (yes, no), gestation (<37 weeks, 37 or more), birth order (1, 2, 3 or more), delivery method (vaginal delivery, caesarean section, assisted delivery), baby weight (<2500 grams, 2500 grams or more), and breast-feeding (yes, no).