Figure 1.

Antiviral activity of 0.8, 8, and 80 ppm of chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite against SARS-CoV-2. Concentrated SARS-CoV-2 suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) without foetal bovine serum (FBS) (A), PBS with 0.5% FBS (B) or PBS with 1% FBS (C) was incubated with 80, 8, or 0.8 ppm of chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) or sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for 10 s, 30 s, 1 min, or 3 min as indicated. Viral titre was determined by measurement of 50% tissue culture infective dose per mL (TCID₅₀/mL). All data represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments. Dashed line indicates the detection limit for each experiment. ∗Viral titre is significantly different between ClO₂ and NaClO treatments.