Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population by sex
| Women (n = 108) | Men (n = 116) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs | 63.3 ± 9.4 | 59.3 ± 11.3 | 0.019 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.1 ± 3.9 | 24.2 ± 3.3 | 0.043 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 83.2 ± 14.4 | 79.2 ± 17.1 | 0.118 |
| SBP, mmHg | 126.4 ± 21.2 | 121.7 ± 21.9 | 0.181 |
| DBP, mmHg | 76.1 ± 13.5 | 73.7 ± 14.9 | 0.297 |
| PP, mmHg | 50.3 ± 17.2 | 48.0 ± 19.3 | 0.445 |
| HF duration | |||
| ≤ 1 yr | 63 (58.3) | 63 (54.3) | 0.786 |
| > 1 and ≤ 5 yrs | 27 (25.0) | 30 (25.9) | |
| > 5 yrs | 18 (16.7) | 23 (19.8) | |
| Cardiovascular comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| DM | 47 (43.5) | 43 (37.1) | 0.325 |
| HT | 67 (62.0) | 75 (64.7) | 0.684 |
| CAD | 19 (17.6) | 35 (30.2) | 0.028 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | |||
| Smoking | 4 (3.7) | 57 (49.1) | < 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 24 (22.2) | 24 (20.7) | 0.780 |
| Dyslipidemia | 34 (31.5) | 26 (22.4) | 0.126 |
| Medications, n (%) | |||
| Beta-blocker | 71 (65.7) | 75 (64.7) | 0.865 |
| ACEI/ARB | 77 (71.3) | 86 (74.1) | 0.633 |
| Diuretics | 62 (57.4) | 76 (65.5) | 0.212 |
| CCB | 15 (13.9) | 16 (13.8) | 0.983 |
| Anti-thrombotic agents | 48 (44.4) | 58 (50.0) | 0.405 |
| Statins | 29 (26.9) | 46 (39.7) | 0.042 |
| Laboratory data | |||
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 1970 (698–3967) | 1696 (586–3994) | 0.004 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 70.8 ± 26.5 | 76.9 ± 25.7 | 0.013 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.4 (0.9–1.9) | 1.2 (0.8–1.6) | 0.042 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.2 (3.4–5.1) | 3.9 (3.2–4.5) | 0.033 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.181 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD, media (Q1–Q3) or number (percentage)
BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PP: pulse pressure; HF: heart failure; DM: diabetes mellitus; HT: hypertension; CAD: coronary artery disease; AF: atrial fibrillation; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB: calcium-channel blocker; NT-proBNP: amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; TG: triglycerides; TC: cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol content