TABLE 2.
Risk-of-Bias Assessment of Included Nonrandomized Trials (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Cohort Studies)a
| Lead Author (Year) | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Total (of 9)b | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Item 1 | Item 2 | Item 3 | Item 4 | Item 5 | Item 6 | Item 7 | Item 8 | ||
| Branch (2015)6 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 8 |
| Dejour (2013)13 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 8 |
| Ferretti (2016)19 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | — | ★ | ★ | 7 |
| Goertzen (1993)25 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 8 |
| Helito (2018)27 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 9 |
| Helito (2019)28 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 8 |
| Noyes (1991)49 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 8 |
| Sonnery-Cottet (2017)57 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 8 |
| Strum (1989)60 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 8 |
aA dash denotes ineligibility. Items are defined as follows: 1, Representativeness of the exposed cohort; 2, Selection of the nonexposed cohort; 3, Ascertainment of exposure; 4, Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study; 5, Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis controlled for confounders; 6, Assessment of outcome; 7, Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur; 8, Adequacy of follow-up of cohorts.
bA study can be awarded a maximum of 1 star for each numbered item within the Selection and Outcome categories. A maximum of 2 stars can be given for the Comparability category.