Figure 1.

Associations of NPIs and vaccine rollouts with case doubling time (DT). The first column presents policy variables constructed from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. The second column is the estimated policy effect, ie, the percentage change of DT for each day of intervention. The most effective measure was vaccine rollouts, which increased DT by 1.96% for each day of intervention. The length of bar on the right represents the 95% confidence interval; the dot in the middle represents the estimated policy effect. *Partial closures means closures were required for some levels, sectors or regions. †This category includes policies of testing or quarantine on arrival. ‡Limited campaigns means only public officials urging caution about COVID-19. §Limited testing means tests were available only for certain groups of people, eg, inpatients.