Table 4.

Means and 95% confidence intervals of each measurement in the clinical assessments and the probabilities and estimated effect sizes in the statistical analyses. Differences with statistical significance are denoted by * (P ≤ 0.05), ** (P ≤ 0.01), and *** (P ≤ 0.001)

Evaluation	Pre	Post	Change ($+/-$)	Paired-sample t test
	Mean (95% Confidence interval)			P-value	Cohen's d
FMA
Full Score	33.4 (30.2 to 39.7)	44.5 (41.3 to 51.0)	$+$ 11.2 (7.53 to 14.8)	< 0.001***	1.84
Shoulder/Elbow	21.5 (19.6 to 25.4)	28.6 (26.6 to 32.7)	$+$ 7.10 (3.78 to 10.4)	0.002**	1.29
Wrist/Hand	11.8 (10.3 to 14.8)	15.9 (14.4 to 18.9)	$+$ 4.10 (2.18 to 6.00)	0.002**	1.29
ARAT	19.3 (15.7 to 26.5)	26.7 (22.7 to 34.8)	$+$ 7.45 (4.09 to 10.8)	0.001***	1.34
WMFT
Score	39.2 (34.8 to 47.9)	45.9 (41.6 to 54.6)	$+$ 6.72 (3.23 to 10.2)	0.003**	1.16
Time	51.6 (45.2 to 64.5)	45.7 (40.1 to 57.0)	− 5.89 (− 10.7 to − 1.12)	0.033*	− 0.75
FIM	65.6 (65.1 to 66.8)	65.7 (65.2 to 66.9)	$+$ 0.09 (− 0.09 to 0.27)	0.341	0.30

MAS				Wilcoxon’s signed ranks test
				P-value	r
Elbow	2.18 (1.59 to 2.77)	1.49 (0.82 to 2.17)	− 0.69 (− 1.16 to − 0.22)	0.026*	− 0.67
Wrist	1.95 (1.17 to 2.72)	1.18 (0.48 to 1.89)	− 0.76 (− 1.35 to − 0.17)	0.026*	− 0.67
Finger	1.98 (1.39 to 2.58)	1.40 (0.73 to 2.07)	− 0.58 (− 0.98 to − 0.18)	0.024*	− 0.68