Table 5.

Means and 95% confidence intervals of each measurement in the EMG parameters as well as the probabilities and estimated effect sizes in the statistical analyses. Differences with statistical significance are denoted by * (P ≤ 0.05), ** (P ≤ 0.01), and *** (P ≤ 0.001)

EMG parameters	Pre	Post	Change ($+/-$)	Paired-sample t test
	Mean (95% Confidence interval) (%)			P-value	Cohen's d
Normalized EMG activation level
APB	10.8 (7.61 to 14.1)	6.25 (3.60 to 8.91)	− 4.59 (− 6.95 to − 2.23)	0.001***	− 0.83
ECU-ED	9.84 (7.45 to 12.2)	7.44 (5.20 to 9.68)	− 2.40 (− 5.78 to 0.98)	0.17	− 0.30
FCR-FD	6.52 (4.73 to 8.32)	3.21 (2.26 to 4.16)	− 3.31 (− 4.72 to − 1.90)	< 0.001***	− 1.00
BIC	7.71 (5.92 to 9.49)	6.12 (4.89 to 7.36)	− 1.58 (− 3.45 to 0.28)	0.11	− 0.36
TRI	7.05 (3.89 to 10.20)	5.77 (3.32 to 8.23)	− 1.27 (− 4.81 to 2.26)	0.48	− 0.15
Normalized CI
APB/ ECU-ED	7.19 (4.65 to 9.72)	4.94 (2.56 to 7.32)	− 2.25 (− 5.49 to − 0.99)	0.18	− 0.30
APB/ FCR-FD	5.98 (4.10 to 7.86)	2.58 (1.64 to 3.51)	− 3.41 (− 5.25 to − 1.57)	0.001***	− 0.79
APB/BIC	5.82 (4.24 to 7.40)	2.91 (2.17 to 3.64)	− 2.91 (− 4.65 to − 1.18)	0.003**	− 0.72
APB/ TRI	6.04 (3.16 to 8.91)	4.56 (2.26 to 6.85)	− 1.48 (− 4.59 to 1.63)	0.35	− 0.20
ECU-ED/FCR-FD	5.34 (3.83 to 6.86)	2.69 (1.89 to 3.48)	− 2.65 (− 4.14 to − 1.17)	0.002**	− 0.76
ECU-ED/BIC	4.97 (4.14 to 5.81)	3.60 (2.81 to 4.40)	− 1.37 (− 2.48 to − 0.26)	0.022*	− 0.53
ECU-ED/TRI	4.18 (3.09 to 5.26)	3.88 (2.39 to 5.37)	− 0.30 (− 1.73 to 1.14)	0.684	− 0.09
FCR-FD/BIC	4.37 (3.15 to 5.59)	2.42 (1.75 to 3.08)	− 1.95 (− 3.04 to − 0.87)	0.002**	− 0.77
FCR-FD/ TRI	3.80 (2.59 to 5.01)	2.17 (1.42 to 2.92)	− 1.62 (− 2.67 to − 0.58)	0.005**	− 0.67
BIC/TRI	6.64 (4.80 to 8.49)	4.59 (3.54 to 5.63)	− 2.06 (− 3.92 to − 0.19)	0.039*	− 0.47