. 2021 Sep 15;190(1-2):175–204. doi: 10.1007/s11127-021-00929-3

Table 2.

Determinants of localism

Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
Variables	Culture	Culture	Culture	Culture	Culture	Cult.+Leg.	Cult.+Leg.	Cult.+Leg.	Cult.+Leg.	Cult.+Leg.
Social trust	− 0.332***	− 0.300***	− 0.277***	− 0.266***	− 0.292***	− 0.225*	− 0.254**	− 0.175	− 0.180	− 0.145
	(− 3.07)	(− 3.17)	(− 2.86)	(− 2.69)	(− 2.77)	(− 1.83)	(− 2.01)	(− 1.07)	(− 1.07)	(− 0.95)
Tight-loose	− 1.535	− 1.217	− 1.081	− 1.031	− 1.920	− 0.475	− 0.745	− 0.0446	− 0.163	− 0.440
	(− 1.18)	(− 0.96)	(− 0.69)	(− 0.64)	(− 1.30)	(− 0.22)	(− 0.35)	(− 0.02)	(− 0.07)	(− 0.19)
Legal quality						− 0.00848	− 0.00371	− 0.00805	− 0.00681	− 0.0116
						(− 0.80)	(− 0.38)	(− 0.70)	(− 0.59)	(− 1.13)
Congestion2		0.623***	0.678***	0.689***			0.621***	0.674***	0.687***
		(4.66)	(4.75)	(4.97)			(4.72)	(4.79)	(5.02)
Congestion3		1.409***	1.425***	1.437***			1.405***	1.415***	1.428***
		(8.87)	(8.97)	(9.24)			(8.96)	(9.22)	(9.59)
Access2		0.138	0.00732	0.00741			0.136	0.00237	0.00276
		(1.04)	(0.06)	(0.06)			(1.01)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Access3		0.665**	0.513**	0.511**			0.664**	0.507*	0.504**
		(2.47)	(1.98)	(2.08)			(2.44)	(1.93)	(2.03)
Access4		− 0.265	− 0.446	− 0.372			− 0.250	− 0.415	− 0.351
		(− 0.49)	(− 0.89)	(− 0.73)			(− 0.47)	(− 0.85)	(− 0.70)
Ability1			0.508***	0.544***	0.521***			0.515***	0.549***	0.532***
			(4.99)	(5.47)	(4.99)			(4.90)	(5.41)	(5.07)
Pollution1			0.0757	0.0783	0.125			0.0902	0.0908	0.142
			(0.40)	(0.43)	(0.58)			(0.47)	(0.48)	(0.66)
Frequency2				0.0989					0.0972
				(0.98)					(0.95)
Frequency3				0.0340					0.0315
				(0.21)					(0.19)
Length2				− 0.0433					− 0.0431
				(− 0.30)					(− 0.29)
Length3				− 0.0943					− 0.0865
				(− 0.33)					(− 0.30)
Wave quality2	0.271*	0.241*	0.170		0.200	0.280*	0.245*	0.178		0.214
	(1.90)	(1.84)	(1.22)		(1.37)	(1.94)	(1.85)	(1.25)		(1.43)
Wave quality3	0.413**	0.334**	0.157		0.147	0.415**	0.334**	0.155		0.148
	(2.20)	(2.12)	(0.91)		(0.75)	(2.13)	(2.09)	(0.87)		(0.72)
Tourism1					0.720***					0.711***
					(6.06)					(6.30)
Urban1					0.0160					0.0305
					(0.16)					(0.30)
Observations	750	750	750	750	750	750	750	750	750	750
Prob	0.0113	0	0	0	0	0.0260	0	0	0	0
$C h i^{2}$	13.00	198.4	168.6	171.5	149.0	12.73	235.5	224.6	248.9	141.1
$R^{2}$	0.0376	0.136	0.159	0.158	0.114	0.0386	0.136	0.159	0.158	0.116

Standard errors in parentheses: $* p < 0.10$ , $* * p < 0.05$ , $* * * p < 0.01$