. 2021 Sep 15;190(1-2):175–204. doi: 10.1007/s11127-021-00929-3

Table 8.

Determinants of localism (Country FE)

Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
Variables	Culture	Culture	Culture	Culture	Culture	Cult. + Leg.	Cult. + Leg.	Cult. + Leg.	Cult. + Leg.	Cult. + Leg.
Social trust	0.0877	− 0.143	− 0.277	− 0.338	− 0.143	0.289	0.0891	0.0659	0.0133	0.189
	(0.32)	(− 0.65)	(− 1.09)	(− 1.28)	(− 0.52)	(0.78)	(0.31)	(0.19)	(0.04)	(0.51)
Tight-loose	− 0.119	− 0.633	− 0.871	− 0.134	0.285	1.354	1.028	1.501	2.325	2.544
	(− 0.03)	(− 0.18)	(− 0.21)	(− 0.03)	(0.07)	(0.42)	(0.32)	(0.42)	(0.65)	(0.70)
Legal quality						− 0.0163	− 0.0186	− 0.0269*	− 0.0276**	− 0.0262*
						(− 1.12)	(− 1.42)	(− 1.88)	(− 2.07)	(− 1.77)
Congestion2		0.604***	0.666***	0.689***			0.606***	0.672***	0.692***
		(4.31)	(4.52)	(4.78)			(4.28)	(4.48)	(4.72)
Congestion3		1.393***	1.433***	1.464***			1.394***	1.428***	1.459***
		(8.38)	(8.81)	(9.34)			(8.32)	(8.75)	(9.30)
Access2		0.133	− 0.0127	− 0.0161			0.128	− 0.0219	− 0.0234
		(0.97)	(− 0.10)	(− 0.12)			(0.93)	(− 0.16)	(− 0.17)
Access3		0.654**	0.519**	0.488**			0.668**	0.537**	0.504**
		(2.48)	(2.02)	(2.04)			(2.56)	(2.11)	(2.15)
Access4		− 0.325	− 0.478	− 0.429			− 0.304	− 0.447	− 0.388
		(− 0.66)	(− 1.04)	(− 0.88)			(− 0.63)	(− 1.00)	(− 0.81)
Ability1			0.543***	0.574***	0.527***			0.560***	0.589***	0.542***
			(4.89)	(5.83)	(4.84)			(5.15)	(6.07)	(5.11)
Pollution1			0.0539	0.0457	0.104			0.0941	0.0907	0.135
			(0.28)	(0.25)	(0.49)			(0.51)	(0.52)	(0.65)
Frequency2				0.142					0.149
				(1.46)					(1.51)
Frequency3				0.0550					0.0623
				(0.34)					(0.40)
Length2				− 0.0249					− 0.00231
				(− 0.17)					(− 0.02)
Length3				0.00165					0.00301
				(0.01)					(0.01)
Wave quality2	0.412***	0.347***	0.287**		0.306**	0.411***	0.348***	0.288**		0.306**
	(3.07)	(3.20)	(2.43)		(2.25)	(3.03)	(3.16)	(2.40)		(2.23)
Wave quality3	0.440**	0.359**	0.182		0.173	0.442**	0.362**	0.181		0.173
	(2.22)	(2.29)	(1.00)		(0.82)	(2.15)	(2.22)	(0.94)		(0.78)
Tourism1					0.662***					0.658***
					(5.69)					(5.76)
Urban1					0.00118					0.0221
					(0.01)					(0.21)
Observations	725	725	725	725	725	725	725	725	725	725
$R^{2}$	0.0650	0.155	0.178	0.175	0.130	0.0665	0.156	0.181	0.178	0.133

Standard errors in parentheses: $*$ $p < 0.10$ , $* *$ $p < 0.05$ , $* * *$ $p < 0.01$ . Note: Observations for Denkmark and Iceland automatically excluded