Table 1.
Description of study sample (continuous and categorical variables; N = 178 unless otherwise noted).
| Mean ± SD or n (%) | |
|---|---|
| Age | 35.7 ± 8.4 |
| Sex | |
| Male | 162 (91.0) |
| Female | 16 (9.0) |
| Race (n = 167) | |
| Black | 25 (15.0) |
| Hispanic | 24 (14.3) |
| White | 112 (67.1) |
| Other | 6 (3.6) |
| BMI (n = 168) | 29.2 ± 4.1 |
| BMI Category (n = 168) | |
| Normal | 25 (14.9) |
| Overweight | 70 (41.7) |
| Obese | 73 (43.4) |
| Cause of Injury | |
| Holding/Carrying | 51 (28.7) |
| Lifting | 30 (16.9) |
| Motor Vehicle Accident | 10 (5.6) |
| Repetitive Motion | 7 (3.9) |
| Slip/Trip/Fall | 22 (12.4) |
| Struck by Object/Explosion | 26 (14.6) |
| Twisting | 10 (5.6) |
| Other/Unknown | 22 (12.4) |
| Work Status at C&P Examination (n = 177) | |
| Active | 124 (70.1) |
| Inactive | 53 (29.9) |
| % Service Connection for Back | |
| 0 | 46 (25.8) |
| 10 | 80 (44.9) |
| 20 | 23 (12.9) |
| 30 | 7 (3.9) |
| 40 | 13 (7.3) |
| 50 | 2 (1.1) |
| 60 | 5 (2.8) |
| 70 | 1 (0.6) |
| 80 | 1 (0.6) |
| Functional Impairment | |
| Yes | 110 (61.8) |
| No | 68 (38.2) |
| Degree of Pain (n = 68) | 5.4 ± 2.2 |
| Degree of Depression (n = 170) | |
| None | 112 (65.9) |
| Mild | 15 (8.8) |
| Moderate | 19 (11.2) |
| Moderate/Severe | 11 (6.5) |
| Severe | 13 (7.7) |
| Illegal Drug Use | |
| Yes | 30 (16.9) |
| No | 148 (83.1) |
| Prescribed Opioid Use | |
| Yes | 37 (20.8) |
| No | 141 (79.2) |
| Current Smoker (n = 174) | |
| Yes | 67 (38.5) |
| No | 107 (61.5) |
| Physical Therapy Within Previous 6 mo (n = 177) | |
| Yes | 125 (70.6) |
| No | 52 (29.4) |
| VA Care Within Previous 6 mo | |
| Yes | 165 (92.7) |
| No | 13 (7.3) |
| % Service Connection for Back | 14.3 ± 15.5 |
| % Service Connection for PTSD | 25.2 ± 30.7 |
| % Service Compensation Total | 58.5 ± 27.2 |
BMI = body mass index, C&P = compensation and pension, PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder, SD = standard deviation, VA = Department of Veterans Affairs.