Fig. 2. Time series of HSR and air temperature anomaly in 750–1750 CE.

Triangles and circles show the HSR of the remains in the north and south regions (locations definitions are shown in Fig 1), respectively. The blue shaded area marks the 5th to 95th percentile range of HSR in the south region, which was smoothed using locally weighted regression. The gray dashed and red solid lines give the minimum and mean HSR, respectively, in the south region. The black stars indicate the HSR in the Longmen Temple. The gray bars show the temperature anomaly in the winter half year in central and eastern China.