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. 2021 Sep 1;12:724352. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.724352

Table 3.

Up and downregulated (a) PMs and (b) SMs in shoots and roots of plants inoculated with R. irregularis after 1 week of growth in the S-H cultivation system (Exp. 1).

Peak Proposed phytochemicals R t
(min) 		Precursor Ion - [M-H]− m/z calcd. Δm (ppm) MS/MS Fragment ions (m/z) Chemical formula Distribution a References
S and R metabolites contentb (a) Primary metabolism 1 Asparagine 1.44 131.0453 132.0529 −7.3 131, 115, 88, 71 C4H8N2O3 S (5.19), R (6.56)↑ Zengin et al., 2018
2 L-Aspartic acid 1.46 132.0294 133.0370 −6.6 132, 115, 88, 71 C4H7NO4 S (2.19), R (6.29)↑ Brieudes et al., 2016
3 Glutamic acid 1.44 146.0451 147.0526 −5.3 146, 128, 102 C5H8NO4 S (5.31), R (6.54)↑ Brieudes et al., 2016
4 Gluconic acid 1.49 195.0505 196.0578 −2.6 177, 160, 129, 87, 75 C6H12O7 S (1.96)↑ Brieudes et al., 2016
5 L-Threonic acid 1.54 135.0290 136.0366 −6.8 135, 117, 89, 75, 61 C4H8O5 S (6.61), R (3.77)↑ Brieudes et al., 2016
6 DL-Malic acid 1.59 133.0134 134.0210 −6.6 133, 115, 89, 72, 71 C4H6O5 S (8.17), R (7.79)↑ Li et al., 2004
7 DL-pyroglutamic acid 1.65 128.0344 129.0420 −7.1 128, 82, 62 C5H7NO3 S (9.24), R (8.39)↑ Shi et al., 2020
8 N-Acetylalanine 2.14 130.0501 131.0577 −6.7 130, 88 C5H9NO3 R (4.25)↑ –
9 Methylpyroglutamate 2.23 142.0502 143.0577 −5.5 142, 100, 98, 58 C6H9NO3 R (7.11)↑ –
10 Phenylacetic acid 3.65 135.0443 136.0519 −6.2 93, 72 C8H8O2 R (5.28)↑ Lee et al., 2017
(b) Secondary metabolism 11 Syringic acid 3.71 197.0453 198.0523 −1.3 179, 151, 135, 123, 72 C9H10O5 R (4.55)↑ Taamalli et al., 2015
12 p-Hydroxybenzoic acid 5.03 137.0236 138.0311 −6.3 135, 93, 65 C7H6O3 R (6.90)↑ Gómez-García et al., 2021
13 Chorismic acid 5.24 225.0404 226.0472 −0.9 207, 179, 137, 109, 61 C10H10O6 R (2.70)↑ Khera et al., 2017
14 Caffeic acid 5.39 179.0344 180.0417 −3.3 135, 109, 89, 73 C9H8O4 S (2.11)↑ Gómez-García et al., 2021
15 Methyl syringinoside 5.25 547.2039 548.2099 1.3 191, 176, 161, 121, 93, 71 C24H36O14 R (1.54)↑ Srinroch et al., 2020
16 Lithospermic acid 5.81 537.1050 538.1106 2.11 339, 295, 269, 197, 179, 161, 135, 109, 73 C27H22O12 S (2.28), R (3.07)↓ Liu et al., 2007
17 Anchusoside-9 6.07 827.4449 828.4502 1.8 665, 503, 161, 113, 85, 71 C42H68O16 S (2.25)↑ Romussi et al., 1984
18 Methyl syringin 6.40 385.1510 386.1571 1.5 223, 191, 176, 161, 121, 93, 71 C18H26O9 R (1.52)↑ Park et al., 2017
19 Rosmarinic acid (RA) 6.55 359.0777 360.0840 1.1 197, 179, 161, 135, 123, 73, 62 C18H16O8 R (2.11)↑ Krzyzanowska-Kowalczyk et al., 2018
20 Salvianolic acid C 6.86 491.0992 492.1051 1.6 311, 267, 197, 185, 179, 135, 109, 73 C26H20O10 S (5.71)↑ Finimundy et al., 2020
21 Syringin 6.89 371.1353 372.1415 1.3 176, 161, 121 C17H24O9 S (2.04)↑ Filipek et al., 2019
22 Ferulic acid 7.04 193.0502 194.0574 −2.2 179, 161, 133 C10H10O4 S (3.33), R (2.22)↑ Gómez-García et al., 2021
23 Methyl lithospermic acid 7.11 551.1202 552.1262 1.5 339, 321, 293, 231, 185, 179, 161, 135, 109, 73 C28H24O12 R (2.79)↑ Liu et al., 2007
24 Dehydro SA B 7.12 715.1324 716.1372 2.7 357, 339, 295, 185, 135, 109, 72 C36H28O16 S (4.31), R (4.47)↑ Li et al., 2018
25 Methyl rosmarinic acid 7.17 373.0934 374.0996 1.5 197, 179, 160, 135, 123, 73 C19H18O8 S (1.99)↑ Krzyzanowska-Kowalczyk et al., 2018
26 8-hydroxy-9”-methyl dehydro SA B 7.24 745.1430 746.1478 2.7 467, 387, 339, 295, 193, 185, 151, 133, 109, 73 C37H30O17 R (7.17)↑ Liu et al., 2007
27 8-hydroxy-9”-methyl SA B 7.34 747.1588 748.1634 2.6 467, 389, 339, 295, 195, 185, 151, 135, 109, 73 C37H32O17 R (3.41)↑ Liu et al., 2007
28 Salvianolic acid B (SA B) 7.47 717.1479 718.1528 2.2 357, 339, 321, 295, 265, 197, 185, 161, 135, 109, 73 C36H30O16 R (3.72)↑ Wu et al., 2006
29 8-hydroxy-9'-methyl dehydroRA 7.50 387.0731 388.0789 2.4 207, 179, 135, 121, 109 C19H16O9 R (4.54)↑ Grzegorczyk-Karolak et al., 2019
30 Isobavachalcone hexoside 7.92 485.1827 486.1884 2.0 177, 163, 145, 117 C26H30O9 R (5.58)↑ Cioffi et al., 2003
31 Salvianolic acid F 7.93 313.0723 314.0793 1.6 203, 179, 161, 133, 123 C17H14O6 S (2.48)↑ Grzegorczyk-Karolak et al., 2019
32 Oleanolic acid triglycoside 8.06 939.3993 940.5026 3.6 808, 617, 455, 159, 129, 111, 87, 71 C48H78O18 S (2.26)↑ -
33 Anchusoside-1 8.44 779.4612 780.4654 3.1 617, 455, 141, 112, 71 C43H70O15 S (1.73)↑ Romussi et al., 1979
34 Anchusoside-2 9.25 941.5106 942.5183 −0.9 779, 617, 455, 161, 113, 85, 71 C48H78O18 S (1.91)↑ Romussi et al., 1979
NSc 35 Scoparone 6.25 205.0497 206.0574 −4.4 177, 161, 143, 133, 119 C11H10O4 NS (3.21)↑ Wang et al., 2007
36 Byakangelicin 10.89 333.0976 334.1047 −1.0 303, 249, 202, 147, 131, 125 C17H18O7 NS (9.5)↑ Zhang et al., 2009

Upregulated SMs (exudates) in nutrients solutions (NS) of M plant after 4 weeks (T4) of growth in the S-H cultivation system.

a

Numbers with a parenthesis represent the fold change of each compound in “M vs. NM” plants and corresponding nutrient solutions. Green arrows indicate the upregulation while red arrows the downregulation in shoot (S), roots (R), and/or nutrient solutions (NS) of M plants.

b

PMs and SMs affected by the AMF-plant symbiosis in shoot and root parts of the S-H cultivation system at T1 of the experiment.

c

SMs affected by the AMF-plant symbiosis in nutrient solutions (exudates) of the S-H cultivation system at T4 of the experiment.

Rt, retention time; Δm, mass errors; [M-H]-, m/z of the pseudomolecular ion in negative and positive ionization modes, respectively; m/z calcd, theoretical m/z value.