Table 1. Demographic data and logistic regression analysis demonstrating factors associated with acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine in health care workers in Pakistan, n = 5,237.
| Variable | n (%) 5237 | Vaccine acceptance; n (%); 3679 (70.2%) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | |||
| Age | ||||||
| 18–30 | 1,294(24.7%) | 837 (64.6%) | 0.93(0.49–1.81) | 0.536 | 1.21(0.55–2.17) | 0.707 |
| 31–40 | 1,912(36.5%) | 1,362 (71.2%) | 0.36(0.18–0.84) | 0.012 | 0.48(0.19–1.25) | 0.053 |
| 41–50 | 775(14.8%) | 392(50.5%) | 1.79(0.23–2.76) | 0.465 | 1.93(0.27–3.01) | 0.621 |
| 51–60 | 911(17.4%) | 831(91.2%) | 0.61(0.21–1.81) | 0.001 | 0.54(0.19–1.67) | 0.003* |
| ≥60 | 345(6.6%) | 257(74.4%) | 0.72(0.36–0.91) | 0.800 | 0.80(0.41–0.97) | 0.782 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 1,922(36.7%) | 1,002(52.4%) | 1.45(1.01–2.58) | 0.387 | 1.34(1.41–2.98) | 0.551 |
| Female | 3,315(63.3%) | 2,678(80.7%) | 0.94(0.51–1.07) | 0.041 | 0.26(0.21–1.24) | 0.044* |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Punjabi | 2258(43.1%) | 1,742(43.3%) | 1.35(0.33–5.62) | 0.365 | 1.72(0.47–6.98) | 0.418 |
| Sindhi | 718(13.7%) | 358(49.8%) | 1.27(0.54–1.76) | 0.178 | 1.21(0.23–1.88) | 0.192 |
| Balochi | 597(11.4%) | 216(36.1%) | 0.87(0.21–1.29) | 0.876 | 0.99(0.37–2.56) | 0.717 |
| Pashtun | 1,366(26.1%) | 1,165(85.2%) | 0.26(0.17–1.86) | 0.012 | 0.19(0.11–2.76) | 0.010* |
| Other | 298(5.7%) | 198(66.4%) | 1.03(0.43–1.87) | 0.893 | 1.23(0.61–1.92) | 0.896 |
| Marital Status | ||||||
| Single | 3,891(74.3%) | 2,798(71.9%) | 0.62(0.12–0.78) | 0.005 | 0.54(0.11–0.82) | 0.001* |
| Married | 1,346(25.7%) | 881(65.4%) | 1.30(0.72–2.38) | 0.184 | 1.75(0.87–5.06) | 0.261 |
| Specialty | ||||||
| Medicine/Allied | 1,985(37.9%) | 1,825(91.9%) | 0.99(0.60–1.54) | 0.001 | 0.83(0.51–1.26) | 0.001* |
| Surgery/Allied | 1,158(22.1%) | 971(83.8) | 0.76(0.53–1.39) | 0.054 | 0.48(0.13–1.70) | 0.091 |
| Diagnostics | 1,340(25.6%) | 537(40%) | 0.86(0.37–2.03) | 0.365 | 1.04(0.53–2.04) | 0.603 |
| Other | 754(14.4%) | 346(45.8%) | 1.34(0.93–2.15) | 0.765 | 1.37(0.83–2.27) | 0.518 |
| Type of medical facility | ||||||
| Tertiary care hospital | 2682(51.2%) | 2005(74.7%) | 0.57(0.15–0.83) | 0.734 | 0.72(0.45–0.96) | 0.562 |
| Primary care hospital | 1598(30.5%) | 1200(75%) | 0.266(0.198–0.336) | 0.547 | 0.273(0.211, 0.336) | 0.235 |
| Private hospital/clinic | 957(18.2%) | 474(49.5%) | 0.257 (0.19–0.324) | 0.126 | 0.250(0.154, 0.346) | 0.611 |
| Designated work | ||||||
| Direct patient care provider | 3,210(61.3%) | 2,783(86.6%) | 1.67(0.88–3.06) | 0.001 | 1.39(0.80–2.41) | 0.007* |
| No direct patient contact | 2,027(38.7%) | 896(44.2%) | 0.81(0.57–1.32) | 0.198 | 1.52(0.23–3.15) | 0.216 |
| Education | ||||||
| Technical training | 383(7.3%) | 305(79.6%) | 1.63(0.92–2.66) | 0.614 | 2.21(1.02–4.59) | 0.354 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 1,477(28.2%) | 1,206(81.6%) | 1.64(0.78–3.32) | 0.001 | 1.15(0.44–3.97) | 0.001* |
| Master’s degree | 608(11.6%) | 453(74.5%) | 2.09(1.06–4.24) | 0.043 | 2.01(1.06–4.00 | 0.072 |
| Doctorate degree | 545(10.4%) | 211(38.7%) | 1.35(0.44–3.36) | 0.723 | 1.37(0.73–2.27) | 0.658 |
| Medical conditions | ||||||
| None | 2,776(53%) | 1,809(65.1%) | 1.47(0.76–2.81) | 0.437 | 1.57(0.84–3.01) | 0.481 |
| DM I/II | 378(7.2%) | 309(81.7%) | 2.12(0.63–3.33) | 0.046 | 2.69(1.51–5.69) | 0.059 |
| Hypertension | 576(11%) | 427(74.1%) | 1.30(0.67–2.17) | 0.087 | 1.01(0.61–2.21) | 0.065 |
| Obesity | 681(13%) | 557(81.7%) | 0.90(0.63–1.27) | 0.092 | 1.18(0.56–2.48) | 0.130 |
| Smoking | 351(6.7%) | 254(72.3%) | 0.70(0.47–1.02) | 0.653 | 1.12(0.47–2.69) | 0.376 |
| Chronic respiratory condition | 204(3.9%) | 97(47.5%) | 0.93(0.52–1.77) | 0.093 | 1.01(0.23–4.45) |
0.047* |
| Heart disease | 120(2.3%) | 102(85%) | 1.23(0.99–1.69) | 0.043 | 1.04(0.53–2.04) | 0.021* |
| Renal failure | 68(1.3%) | 43(63.2%) | 0.91(0.56–1.23) | 0.974 | 1.37(0.83–2.27) | 0.465 |
| Cancer | 83(1.6%) | 81(97.5%) | 1.43(1.05–1.92) | 0.001 | 1.21(1.01–1.65) | 0.004* |
| Previous infection with COVID-19 | 3,299(63%) | 1,176(35.6%) | 0.88(0.41–0.99) | 0.001 | 0.43(0.27–1.08) | 0.001* |
Variables presented as n (%), adjusted for age, gender, and ethnicity.
*p-value <0.05. Diabetes mellitus (DM).