Table 3. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 according to demographic characteristics, living conditions, health characteristics and comorbidities (N = 1,156).
| Seronegative cases | Seropositive cases | 95%IC | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | N | (%) | N | (%) | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Men | 780 | (94.66%) | 44 | (5.34%) | (3.91–7.1) | 0.572 |
| Women | 311 | (93.67%) | 21 | (6.33%) | (3.96–9.51) | |
| Age, year | 40.1 | (14.3) | 42.2 | (14.5) | 0.271 | |
| French Nationality | ||||||
| No | 882 | (93.73%) | 59 | (6.27%) | (4.81–8.01) | 0.067 |
| Yes | 202 | (97.12%) | 6 | (2.88%) | (1.07–6.17) | |
| Country of Birth§ | ||||||
| France | 207 | (95.83%) | 9 | (4.17%) | (1.92–7.76) | 0.382 |
| European Union | 179 | (95.7%) | 8 | (4.3%) | (1.86–8.26) | |
| Non-EU Europe | 194 | (95.6%) | 9 | (4.4%) | (2.05–8.25) | |
| Africa | 450 | (92.78%) | 35 | (7.22%) | (5.08–9.89) | |
| Other | 58 | (93.55%) | 4 | (6.45%) | (1.79–15.7) | |
| Education level | ||||||
| No academic achievement | 504 | (94.92%) | 25 | (4.71%) | (3.07–6.87) | 0.420 |
| Lower secondary | 402 | (91.78%) | 29 | (6.62%) | (4.48–9.37) | |
| Upper secondary or vocational | 117 | (95.12%) | 6 | (4.88%) | (1.81–10.32) | |
| Not known or missing | 68 | (86.08%) | 5 | (6.33%) | (2.09–14.16) | |
| Living with someone | ||||||
| No | 592 | (94.27%) | 36 | (5.73%) | (4.05–7.85) | 0.795 |
| Yes | 490 | (94.78%) | 27 | (5.22%) | (3.47–7.51) | |
| Health insurance | ||||||
| No | 322 | (96.12%) | 13 | (3.88%) | (2.08–6.54) | 0.122 |
| Yes | 743 | (93.58%) | 51 | (6.42%) | (4.82–8.36) | |
| State health insurance or other | ||||||
| State health insurance | 184 | (93.4%) | 13 | (6.6%) | (3.56–11.02) | 0.227 |
| Other | 559 | (93.63%) | 38 | (6.37%) | (4.54–8.63) | |
| None | 322 | (96.12%) | 13 | (3.88%) | (2.08–6.54) | |
| Having financial resources | ||||||
| No | 463 | (93.15%) | 34 | (6.84%) | (4.78–9.42) | 0.199 |
| Yes | 591 | (95.01%) | 31 | (4.98%) | (3.41–6.84) | |
| Having work | ||||||
| No | 899 | (93.64%) | 61 | (6.35%) | (4.89–8.08) | 0.065 |
| Yes | 155 | (97.48%) | 4 | (2.51%) | (0.68–6.31) | |
| Living conditions | ||||||
| Total duration of homelessness | ||||||
| <3 months | 79 | (92.94%) | 4 | (4.71%) | (1.3–11.61) | 0.787 |
| 3 to 12 months | 218 | (94.78%) | 10 | (4.35%) | (2.1–7.85) | |
| 1 to 5 years | 399 | (92.79%) | 27 | (6.28%) | (4.18–9) | |
| >5 years | 353 | (93.88%) | 21 | (5.59%) | (3.49–8.41) | |
| Typology ETHOS* at baseline | ||||||
| ETHOS 1: street | 87 | (97.75%) | 2 | (2.25%) | (0.27–7.88) | 0.009 |
| ETHOS2: emergency shelters and hotels | 499 | (91.9%) | 44 | (8.1%) | (5.89–10.63) | |
| ETHOS 3: transitional shelters | 186 | (96.88%) | 6 | (3.12%) | (1.16–6.68) | |
| ETHOS 8: squats, slums | 316 | (96.05%) | 13 | (3.95%) | (2.12–6.66) | |
| Type of accommodation | ||||||
| Private room or area | 477 | (93.9%) | 27 | (5.31%) | (3.53–7.64) | 0.896 |
| Shared room or area | 598 | (94.17%) | 36 | (5.67%) | (4–7.76) | |
| Time spent in emergency shelters | ||||||
| Less than one month | 747 | (96.39%) | 28 | (3.61%) | (2.41–5.18) | <0.001 |
| More than one month | 313 | (89.43%) | 37 | (10.57%) | (7.55–14.28) | |
| Contacts per day, number | 9.2 | (12.2) | 6.1 | (5.9) | 0.001 | |
| Change of accommodation during SARS-CoV-2 crisis | ||||||
| No | 655 | (95.48%) | 31 | (4.52%) | (3.09–6.35) | 0.08 |
| Yes | 398 | (92.99%) | 30 | (7.01%) | (4.78–9.86) | |
| Health characteristics g | ||||||
| Prior or present symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 disease | ||||||
| No | 365 | (90.12%) | 40 | (9.88%) | (7.15–13.21) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 23 | (53.49%) | 20 | (46.51%) | (31.18–62.35) | |
| Tobacco consumption | ||||||
| No | 424 | (91.58%) | 39 | (8.42%) | (6.06–11.34) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 590 | (97.04%) | 18 | (2.96%) | (1.76–4.64) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| No | 717 | (93.6%) | 49 | (6.40%) | (4.77–8.37) | 0.047 |
| Yes | 277 | (96.85%) | 9 | (3.15%) | (1.45–5.89) | |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| No | 513 | (95.18%) | 26 | (4.82%) | (3.17–6.99) | 0.307 |
| Yes | 578 | (93.68%) | 39 | (6.32%) | (4.53–8.54) | |
| Number of comorbidities | 1 | (1.3) | 1 | (1.1) | 0.749 | |
| Psychiatric and addiction comorbidities | ||||||
| No | 827 | (93.55%) | 57 | (6.45%) | (4.92–8.27) | 0.034 |
| Yes | 264 | (97.06%) | 8 | (2.94%) | (1.28–5.71) | |
| Risk factors for severe SARS-CoV-2 disease | ||||||
| Obesity | ||||||
| No | 1000 | (94.61%) | 57 | (5.39%) | (4.11–6.93) | 0.594 |
| Yes | 69 | (93.24%) | 5 | (6.76%) | (2.23–15.07) | |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 1012 | (94.4%) | 60 | (5.6%) | (4.3–7.15) | 0.807 |
| Yes | 79 | (94.05%) | 5 | (5.95%) | (1.96–13.35) | |
| Cancer | ||||||
| No | 1045 | (94.74%) | 58 | (5.26%) | (4.02–6.74) | 0.124 |
| Yes | 20 | (86.96%) | 3 | (13.04%) | (2.78–33.59) | |
| Chronic Respiratory Disease | ||||||
| No | 935 | (94.35%) | 56 | (5.65%) | (4.3–7.28) | 0.812 |
| Yes | 88 | (95.65%) | 4 | (4.35%) | (1.2–10.76) | |
| Cardiovascular Disease | ||||||
| No | 884 | (94.24%) | 54 | (5.76%) | (4.35–7.45) | 0.847 |
| Yes | 140 | (95.24%) | 7 | (4.76%) | (1.94–9.57) | |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | ||||||
| No | 1001 | (94.34%) | 60 | (5.66%) | (4.34–7.22) | 0.999 |
| Yes | 21 | (95.45%) | 1 | (4.55%) | (0.12–22.84) | |
95%IC: 95% confidence interval; SD: standard deviation.
*ETHOS: the European typology for homelessness and housing exclusion.
§: “European Union” countries: Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Spain. “Non-EU European” countries: Albania, Armenia, Bosnia, Croatia, Moldavia, Montenegro, Serbia, Russia including Chechenia and Ukraine.