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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 15.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2020 Apr 20;38(6):547–556. doi: 10.1177/1049909120916127

Table 4.

Mean Outcome Measures Adjusted for Covariates.a,b

Change From Pretest to Week 4
 Change From Pretest to Week 20
Continuous Outcomes Intervention Sites Mean (SE) Control Sites Mean (SE) P Value Intervention vs Controla Intervention Sites Mean (SE) Control Sites Mean (SE) P Value Intervention vs Controla
Knowledge of dementia (N = 334, n = 868) 5.18 (2.34) 2.88 (2.46) .1759 10.61 (2.51) 5.48 (2.51) .0004
Knowledge of CPR (N = 334, n = 873) 15.67 (3.60) −1.75 (3.75) <.0001 14.40 (3.85) 5.81 (3.85) .0017
Knowledge of MV (N = 334, n = 869) 12.27 (3.45) 2.10 (3.61) <.0001 15.90 (3.70) −0.18 (3.69) <.0001
Knowledge of TF (N = 334, n = 864) 9.69 (3.83) 0.16 (4.01) .0006 13.88 (4.09) −4.83 (4.08) <.0001
Knowledge of health promotion (N = 334, n = 875) −0.75 (2.99) 4.48 (3.08) .0151 −0.02 (3.19) 6.44 (3.16) .0042
Self-efficacy (N = 334, n = 867) 0.82 (0.15) 0.27 (0.16) <.0001 0.70 (0.16) 0.26 (0.16) <.0001
Percent Saying “Yes” at Week 4
 Percent Saying “Yes” at Week 20
Binary outcomes Intervention Sites Mean (SE) Control Sites Mean (SE) P Value Intervention vs Controla Intervention Sites Mean (SE) Control Sites Mean (SE) P Value Intervention vs Controla
Intends to make a care plan for CPR, MV, and TF (N = 299, n = 543) 72.7% (8.3%) 68.1% (8.7%) .5474 64.1% (10.1%) 57.1% (10.3%) .3401
Has made a care plan for CPR, MV, and TF (N = 298, n = 543) 13.9% (6.2%) 12.9% (6.3%) .8307 10.7% (6.0%) 14.0% (6.8%) .4722

Abbreviations: CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; MV, mechanical ventilation; SE, Standard error ; TF, tube feeding.

a

N = total participants, n = total observations.

b

All means and SEs are adjusted for caregiver education (>High school y/n), caregiver occupation (5 categories), patient is caregiver’s parent (y/n), and severity of disability (4 categories) using multiple linear regression random intercept models for continuous outcomes and multiple logistic regression random intercept models for binary outcomes. P values are for tests of interactions between time and site contrast (average of intervention sites minus average of control sites) against zero for continuous outcomes and comparisons of predicted percentage at each time point for binary outcomes.