Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Jun 1;1(2):100010. doi: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100010

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2021 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Real-time artifact removal via PARRM could enable biomarker detection during ongoing neurostimulation to enhance efficacy of closed-loop neuromodulation

(A) Three example applications of closed-loop neuromodulation: DBS applied at 150 Hz via the Activa PC + S for treatment of refractory OCD (top), DBS applied at 120 Hz in an epilepsy monitoring unit-like (EMU-like) scenario for treatment of TRD, and SCS applied at 50 Hz for treatment of chronic pain. Blue trace shows theoretical injected DBS waveform and black trace shows DBS waveform sampled in vivo at 200 Hz, 2 kHz, and 30 kHz, via Activa PC + S, Blackrock Cerebus, and Ripple Nomad, respectively.

(B) Control policy for closed-loop DBS. Electrodes in the brain sense neural signals and artifacts. PARRM attenuates stimulation without contaminating the underlying neural signal, enabling feature estimation for the closed-loop control of stimulation amplitude to relieve symptoms.