Table 2.
Relative Risks for Progression to Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration by Quartiles of Fat Intake
| Quartile | P Value (Trend) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of Fat | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Total fat | |||||
| Sample size | 64 | 66 | 66 | 65 | … |
| Progression rate, % | 23 | 29 | 45 | 51 | … |
| Median intake, g | 24.4 | 36.0 | 49.7 | 70.1 | … |
| Adjusted RR* | 1.0 | 1.26 | 1.96 | 2.74 | .007 |
| Multivariate RR 1 (95% CI)† | 1.0 | 1.11 (0.56–2.18) | 2.00 (0.96–4.16) | 2.70 (1.10–6.62) | .01 |
| Multivariate RR 2 (95% CI)‡ | 1.0 | 1.27 (0.63–2.53) | 2.29 (1.08–4.88) | 2.90 (1.15–7.32) | .01 |
| Animal fat | |||||
| Sample size | 64 | 66 | 66 | 65 | … |
| Progression rate, % | 28 | 31 | 41 | 47 | … |
| Median intake, g | 15.4 | 23.0 | 31.0 | 53.8 | … |
| Adjusted RR* | 1.0 | 0.92 | 1.42 | 2.19 | .02 |
| Multivariate RR 1 (95% CI)† | 1.0 | 0.73 (0.38–1.39) | 1.18 (0.59–2.36) | 1.96 (0.85–4.53) | .08 |
| Multivariate RR 2 (95% CI)‡ | 1.0 | 0.69 (0.35–1.32) | 1.14 (0.55–2.32) | 1.59 (0.66–3.82) | .19 |
| Multivariate RR 3 (95% CI)§ | 1.0 | 0.81 (0.41–1.57) | 1.14 (0.55–2.37) | 2.29 (0.91–5.72) | .09 |
| Vegetable fat | |||||
| Sample size | 64 | 66 | 66 | 65 | … |
| Progression rate, % | 25 | 38 | 40 | 44 | … |
| Median intake, g | 6.3 | 10.2 | 16.7 | 28.8 | … |
| Adjusted RR* | 1.0 | 1.52 | 2.03 | 2.14 | .03 |
| Multivariate RR 1 (95% CI)† | 1.0 | 1.55 (0.84–2.88) | 1.90 (0.97–3.72) | 2.43 (1.10–5.37) | .03 |
| Multivariate RR 2 (95% CI)‡ | 1.0 | 1.56 (0.83–2.96) | 2.09 (1.06–4.11) | 3.17 (1.37–7.32) | .006 |
| Multivariate RR 3 (95% CI)§ | 1.0 | 1.64 (0.86–3.13) | 2.27 (1.12–4.59) | 3.82 (1.58–9.28) | .003 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; RR, relative risk.
Adjusted for age-sex group (men aged 60–69 years, men aged 70–79 years, men aged ≥80 years, women aged 60–69 years, women aged 70–79 years, and women aged ≥80 years), log energy (continuous), and protein intake (quartile).
Adjusted for age-sex group (men aged 60–69 years, men aged 70–79 years, men aged ≥80 years, women aged 60–69 years, women aged 70–79 years, and women aged ≥80 years), education (≥high school vs ˂high school), smoking (current, past, or never), body mass index (˂25, 25–29.9, and ≥30), systolic blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, log energy (continuous), protein intake (quartile), energy-adjusted log beta carotene intake (continuous), alcohol intake (continuous), physical activity (continuous, mean number of times per week of vigorous activity), and initial age-related macular degeneration grade (categorical).
Adjusted for variables in multivariate RR 1 plus total intake of energy-adjusted log zinc, vitamin C, and vitamin E.
Adjusted for variables in multivariate RR 2 plus other types of fat (ie, vegetable fat in the animal fat model and animal fat in the vegetable fat model).